tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7184809619910166892024-03-14T07:05:10.925-05:00The Febrile MusePortrayal of Infectious Diseases in Literature and the ArtsCMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.comBlogger60125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-39936294512008342722023-08-09T15:19:00.001-05:002023-08-09T15:19:19.604-05:00Mr. Bill's Adventureland, reviews and walkthroughs<a href="https://www.gundersonfh.com/obituaries/William-Bill-Murray-Horton?obId=28300371#/obituaryInfo">Mr. Bill died 6/19/23</a><div><br></div><div>He has some online fans, somewhere. Quite a few wrote him after his wife Lela died. I am grateful for that.</div><div><br></div><div>Peace to all who remember him.</div><div>#AdventureGames</div><div><br></div><div>Thanks Dad</div>CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-4339405760237064842018-04-30T13:26:00.000-05:002018-04-30T13:28:16.568-05:00Short Story ScienceI marvel at people who write freelance during the day, blog, and work on a book seemingly all at the same time. They have kids too!<br />
<br />
Alas, my reality is not that. However slowly, I am working on a collection of Short Story Science.<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Scientific stories that give the beautiful breadth and depth of microbiology, the immune system, infectious diseases, their diagnoses, and the chemicals we use to treat them. History and current events and art and music all have a role in these stories, stories that contain the passion I have for science."</span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
...as I said to an editor, a long time ago.<br />
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Stay tuned. I am at that point where the 14 stories have some shape.<br />
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<br />CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-64845735492200159932016-03-07T14:46:00.001-06:002018-04-30T14:20:31.492-05:00Fourth Annual Contest for Inflammatory Language<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTOJw0K2V4Rd0ATChyphenhyphenMD1B3GOp1I8PYOT9ciD4iTEbSLDOJl7r_ULWG48hUmbLLuPe5aVOGe0Y52RmfsJgAnV4QTihy4nxyJZf9FQM2g2ne2LsEdGQ2QM-Zn_I9Y-b_3SdmBtFps_LFkU/s1600/on+immunity.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTOJw0K2V4Rd0ATChyphenhyphenMD1B3GOp1I8PYOT9ciD4iTEbSLDOJl7r_ULWG48hUmbLLuPe5aVOGe0Y52RmfsJgAnV4QTihy4nxyJZf9FQM2g2ne2LsEdGQ2QM-Zn_I9Y-b_3SdmBtFps_LFkU/s1600/on+immunity.png" /></a><i style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/search/label/Inflammatory%20Language">Inflammatory Language</a></i><span style="text-align: justify;"> is a series of primers on inflammation science. Care to contribute? There is a free copy of <b><i>On Immunity: an Inoculation</i></b> by Eula Biss for the winning submission.</span><br />
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The 2015 winner was <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Melanie Stegman, Ph.D., </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Creative Director of Immune Defense and </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Owner of Molecular Jig Games. Her </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Immune Defense </i>is a novel molecular game highlighted in a wonderful <a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/2015/03/immune-defense-inflammatory-language.html">guest post</a></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span><br />
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There were no acceptable submissions for 2014.<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times"; line-height: 18.9091px;">The 2013 winner was Dr. Monica Lalanda of </span><a href="http://medicoacuadros.wordpress.com/" style="font-family: times; line-height: 18.9091px;">Medicoacuadros</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times"; line-height: 18.9091px;">. Her lively illustrations were included in </span><a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/inflammatory-language-rain-in-spain.html" style="font-family: times; line-height: 18.9091px;">Inflammatory Language: The Rain in Spain...</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times"; line-height: 18.9091px;">. She received a signed copy of </span><a href="http://books.scientificamerican.com/fsg/books/the-best-science-writing-online-2012/" style="font-family: times; line-height: 18.9091px;">The Best Science Writing Online 2012</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times"; line-height: 18.9091px;">.</span></span><br />
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This contest is a great opportunity for students, but anyone can contribute.<br />
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So, for 2016, carefully select 300-500 words (or less) and/or an illustration that conveys inflammation. It can be humorous, political, or encompass pop culture or current events, but must be original and professional. It also needs to be appropriate for viewing/reading by most people.<br />
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The overall goal is to accurately inform readers.<br />
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Submissions can be sent to thefebrilemuse[at]gmail[dot]com. Please include "Inflammatory Language 2016 contest" in subject line, your professional byline, and your website URL, if you have one. Thank you in advance, and good luck! I look forward to reading your submissions.<br />
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It may look as if I've been on vacation from writing this blog. I have...am currently working on a larger work-in-progress...and developing my hospital's antimicrobial stewardship program and teaching students. I will be back, and will certainly help in promoting this year's winner.<br />
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All the best, CM Doran.<br />
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**Addendum: there were no qualified submissions this year**<br />
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<b>Deadline: by end of Tuesday, April 5, 2016</b>CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-46510434490950723282015-03-27T17:20:00.002-05:002015-03-27T17:20:44.789-05:00Immune Defense: Inflammatory Language Guest Post<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Melanie Stegman, Ph.D., </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Creative Director of <i>Immune Defense</i> (a novel video game) and </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Owner of Molecular Jig Games is the winner of <a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/2015/02/third-annual-contest-for-inflammatory.html">this year's Inflammatory Language Contest</a>. In her words...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The game is meant to be an introduction, a tool to spark interest and provide basic vocabulary so that players can follow up on Wikipedia or PubMedCentral, or also, so that a teacher could design a lesson based on the game as an introduction. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">To play the game people can do it two ways: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Play on the web. This requires a browser and the Unity Plugin for the browser, then a link to the html. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Link to the Plugin :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.unity3d.com/webplayer">http://www.Unity3d.com/webplayer</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Link to the game:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/%C2%A0https://s3.amazonaws.com/immunedefense-web-builds/new+folder/Mar12/IDWebBuild031215Stream.html%C2%A0"> https://s3.amazonaws.com/immunedefense-web-builds/new+folder/Mar12/IDWebBuild031215Stream.html </a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Download and play on your Mac, PC or Linux. (no tablet version yet).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/sh/it83n3y9kinzeja/AABHqbZ8C6XSBkfLI8uK-mRxa?dl=0">https://www.dropbox.com/sh/it83n3y9kinzeja/AABHqbZ8C6XSBkfLI8uK-mRxa?dl=0</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Some browsers will assume any download from dropbox is suspicious. It is not, <i>Immune Defense</i> has been downloaded and installed countless times, there are no viruses.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Video games make players interested in accomplishing a goal. Players expect to be given tools to accomplish the goals. Players also expect to be able to try the tools and see what happens. The game needs a limit, an end, a loose state for each level. In<i> Immune Defense</i>, the accumulation of too much inflammation damage is the end. This means the player will consider each of their actions in light of whether or not the action will increase or decrease the rate of inflammation damage. Players will learn that inflammation is caused by many sources, has a wide variety of effects, is useful for killing pathogens, and also causes collateral damage. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Immune Defense</i> is an interface that can introduce non-scientists to the molecular aspect of cell biology. Once we have introduced these basic concepts about inflammation, we can introduce more detail using the familiar interface. Adding more detail is the same as making more levels of game play. The very most unique thing about <i>Immune Defense</i> is that we are able to use the actual molecular mechanisms of inflammation in the explanation for what it is. We are able to use molecular level explanations because<i> Immune Defense</i> is an interface that lets player see and manipulate molecules and cells. The time we spent creating this interface, choosing which details to show, which details to allow the player to manipulate, which details to require them to master… this design allows us to drive interest to molecular biology in an unprecedented way.</span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-451a97b6-5d39-48d6-91cb-250a95ce6884"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img height="206px;" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/CLKBNG7mVGKSlD8-RADxH7DX3pEIVmt52J7h5qJCMpvL8Cik3jbBZXUBsGMmsV9P5DaJ0orBLEMqlf_sFrl_eCikuSBCWuH_dPr0tr-q3w-96SXp3v_xMcaqPszlmbc3KTwTNi4" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="329px;" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The player pilots a 25-micrometer Microbot inside the body. The Microbot gives the player advice about which cells to buy and how to use them. The Microbot uses “energy” to call up white blood cells. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Players can change the receptors on their cells. Adding a “MOVE” receptor, allows cell to respond to certain cytokines. In this case, purple rectangles represent Complement Factor C3a and following them will bring a cell closer to the bacteria. </span><br />
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-451a97b6-5d39-c2b2-b7a0-e795c6728ac2"><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img height="184px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/jzAKeMkp-HH2vvwEU_f_1WWQTHoJDt8aQhsPS9k_LmDIdWGHbwxtMydSloEC3hvey4SG5Q1_-ZK5de94xwQDFi1mCochrl2L8oiTjg8VOk_H5By6DDbliMcbIDSgQvS9mXo2g4E" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="294px;" /></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">With JOB receptors, cells can perform various functions, and the function of an “Eater Cell” like Macrophages, is to eat. Phagocytes have several receptors for binding to pathogens. Here, we are using the “LPS Receptor” (TLR4). E coli bacteria are bound to the receptor and are being “eaten” one at a time. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After the four steps of killing a pathogen are clear to the player, we introduce pathogens than can evade the four steps. Each pathogen is a puzzle to be figured out. This increasing level of complexity draws the player in. By balancing the engagement of the game play, the clarity of the molecular and cellular events and the amount of information presented to the player, we are able to teach very complex and abstract concepts. For instance, we balance the level of information presented by only showing the parts of the cell that the player needs to see to understand and manipulate the 4 basic steps of pathogen killing. </span></span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-451a97b6-5d3a-b04f-3302-965fb5a4da48" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Tracking, binding, containing, dissolving are the steps to killing a pathogen. Interior of cells contains just the organelles required to demonstrate all the steps required to kill a pathogen. See the green E. coli bacteria inside the round endosome, which is moving toward the kidney bean shaped phagosome.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Screenshot 2015-03-15 13.28.09.png" height="213px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/_w0J-X5C-VQ9z3C-GJ7Dic_CmhMdU6MOOx349DBDHHDwqDSujv0LNKom3sgQQKj0MoF8dD4kO5E8q2hZuOH403wfk8gA0gfxrgZPnbthOsmE5ThnnfYpn3XpmEvyYEm4gORp_EE" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="339px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">There are visual signals to indicate to the player that each step is taking place. To indicate dissolving, red dots appear in the phagosome. The red dots, therefore, become associated with killing pathogens. These dots are the indication to the player that the final stage of killing a pathogen is occurring as expected. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="212px;" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/TwQ3BkujBa7XrH-azMNqycy4i32y6JfR7EpZuKOS4dipJ6GyhBXA5xnTnT-07t-65IWnmW9sXfDcWw_TAsV3egFlhh0FNiO5O4Si4TcE4NfLwcneYFuSaoM1WJvtz6GPWSgiV80" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="339px;" /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">We teach players how to use Macrophage cells to activate Neutrophil cells, and then explain to players that activation both kills pathogens faster and also increases the inflammation rate. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 1.2;">Neutrophils are cheaper, and they can be activated by the TNF That Macrophages are making. Activated Neutrophils can eat many bacteria at a time, instead of one at a time. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Player must put the TNF receptor on the Neutrophil and drag a TNF to the receptor or wait for random diffusion to bring TNF to its receptor, as shown in the GIF below. (if you cannot see this GIF, please find it here: </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.molecularjig.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Small-Activated-Awesome.gif" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">www.molecularjig.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Small-Activated-Awesome.gif</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">). </span></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-451a97b6-5d3c-400f-2f71-08266af16150"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Small-Activated-Awesome.gif" height="214px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Nw51I7l5NLNTtfa3uGwqfCDIJAN8j97gYeOZyoy86txJb6VElDZqtTgJd49CLtENAI4Oj5A40AufU5iIFNr8Nzv1tw16vLcrEtQ1Yd1-YbPluIijgZt7560IlUcxpGLRNIvQBsI" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="300px;" /></span></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-451a97b6-5d3c-c10f-e1b2-a5363eff4b9f"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br /><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="Screenshot 2015-03-15 13.28.40.png" height="197px;" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/k1iLcWZH3b3s9F2tvaLd9Wy1pF8FAR8R6URSnWpMWeRulZHUgDkdzRQ7VMInRD4sGSt1Md9nk95ADwDq6KJVi1FW9Ai1zJfjvzEXdu_BNT8hns-N8jy8YNwolXsfx1CsOTuFK2Y" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="314px;" /></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Once a Neutrophil is activated, the red dots are seen floating out of the Neutrophil, and the “inflammation rate” is increased. This is the indication to the player that the Neutrophil is not only killing the pathogen, but that it is also causing general damage to the area. </span></span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-451a97b6-5d3d-2a20-61ae-8c92dd6d9b90" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Additionally, Neutrophils accumulate red dots in their cytosol, which indicates damage to themselves, and after dissolving 13 pathogens, the Neutrophil become apoptotic.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The bacteria have all been eaten, so there is no more C3a, and the inflammation rate has gone down a bit. After the battle: one Neutrophil (top left) has become apoptotic and the Macrophage is about to eat it, which will lower the inflammation rate. </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Screenshot 2015-03-15 13.30.17.png" height="214px;" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/tdWQgpY0-VI_uA4Xhvr0IG-O0YrGwuTwoNcDhmM1ad9Z3g0ynFV2im2dbE-7HUEmZ70I0ZXvHp46dYr6WwnPTt4x-umPhf3TlDXid1XV87LnrFdGXZBtifTATH13tTx3tlrg4yQ" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="341px;" /></span></span></div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">In the game now, the total damage caused by inflammation is indicated by the red bar at the top of the screen. When the red bar is all the way filled up, the level is over because too much damage has occurred. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Screenshot 2015-03-15 13.28.54.png" height="214px;" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/eOx6UcIYpRLeICU0YQdUcl5DDyujlPWs8nh1Jn3du4g6Dej5qdm8uKRLBKxt7u5Hqd0O9ZH2TmkBSWelKWQGbH3ikLTLvsYIvzylVbP2Bb1Q-aPyXJ5w5PyZVx9H0XKLsXfkXqI" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="343px;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Here the total inflammation damage has reached 80% of max allowed damage, and the screen in blinking red to indicate the critical condition. The player can still recover, by eliminating pathogens, which reduces the C3a. Additionally, Neutrophils in our game die after eating 13 pathogens. In later levels the player will be given molecules to let them lower the inflammation rate more quickly, such as molecules that inactivate their cells, cause apoptosis, or promote healing of the tissues.</span></span></div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b id="docs-internal-guid-451a97b6-5d3d-dab9-c032-18b00df080ae" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></span>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In summary, players need to use white blood cells and their powerful phagosomes to dissolve all the pathogens. Players need to use cytokines, which themselves increase the inflammation rate to reach the pathogens. Players realize that some pathogens have virulence factors that make them more difficult to kill, and that activation of cells helps them overcome the pathogen while also causing more inflammation damage.</span></span></div>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">Immune Defense was imagined and developed by Melanie Stegman and many others, who are listed at </span><a href="http://www.molecularjig.com/Immune-Defense-Game" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">www.MolecularJig.com/Immune-Defense-Game</span></a><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 20.0727272033691px;"><i>Immune Defense</i> has a trailer!</span></span><br />
<span style="vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/UWspFIm4uG0/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/UWspFIm4uG0?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-38368510596036316662015-03-26T10:57:00.000-05:002015-03-26T10:57:56.770-05:00Winner of 3rd Annual Inflammatory Language Contest!<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Febrile Muse has chosen <i>Immune Defense</i>, a novel molecular game by Melanie Stegman, Ph.D., </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Creative Director of Immune Defense and </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Owner of Molecular Jig Games. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Many people were involved in the creation of this game. For more details, go to <a href="http://www.molecularjig.com/immune-defense-game/">Immune Defense Game</a>. In addition, congratulations to the creators on their successful <a href="https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/immune-defense-biochemistry-strategy-game">IndieGoGo project</a>, to develop it further!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">There will soon be a follow-up post by Dr. Stegman that includes game details and screen shots (and links to play it!!!). Here is the <i>Immune Defense</i> trailer:</span><br />
<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/UWspFIm4uG0/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/UWspFIm4uG0?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As promised, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dr. Stegman will receive a PBS review copy of </span><i><a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/2015/02/third-annual-contest-for-inflammatory.html"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">American Experience: </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Forgotten Plague. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Deadly Story of Tuberculosis in America, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">and the Hunt for a Cure</span></a> </i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">as her prize. Congratulations!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">AND....A Huge thank you to everyone that submitted material. </span>CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-86483591246315926742015-02-11T13:32:00.000-06:002015-02-11T13:32:04.783-06:00Third Annual Contest for Inflammatory Language<i style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/search/label/Inflammatory%20Language">Inflammatory Language</a></i><span style="text-align: justify;"> is a series of primers on inflammation science. Care to contribute? There is a free preview copy of the following for the one winning submission:</span><br />
<h1 class="a-size-large a-spacing-none" id="title" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLSlAF3NEq2BuMKDbeDm7MQXT5Ty-B_5PSF8XPbClSCKu33yBS1OWhIq9koFXvUvlkxS1XVqbFkIXcIO0J9JrDJ5IaP5v9FQNJwquJ_kePiKw6qmTIZKUEnDMHECnQrQfsFrOBSPoBsDw/s1600/forgotten+plague+2015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLSlAF3NEq2BuMKDbeDm7MQXT5Ty-B_5PSF8XPbClSCKu33yBS1OWhIq9koFXvUvlkxS1XVqbFkIXcIO0J9JrDJ5IaP5v9FQNJwquJ_kePiKw6qmTIZKUEnDMHECnQrQfsFrOBSPoBsDw/s1600/forgotten+plague+2015.jpg" height="320" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Preview Copy of <br />The Forgotten Plague<br />American Experience 2/10/15<br />Photo by CM Doran 2015</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQoDDhU8x5OEDazP0a1q67hLp7mlPc10tLGAVKAtTF7Lp9RPdRtbQ" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0pt 0pt 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;">American Experience: </span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><i>The Forgotten Plague<u></u><u></u></i></span></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The Deadly Story of Tuberculosis in <u></u><u></u>America<u></u><u></u> </span></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">and the Hunt for a Cure</span></span></i></b><br />
<b style="font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Premiered 2/10/15</span></span></i></b></div>
</h1>
The 2013 winner was Dr. Monica Lalanda of <a href="http://medicoacuadros.wordpress.com/">Medicoacuadros</a>. Her illustrations were included in <a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/inflammatory-language-rain-in-spain.html">Inflammatory Language: The Rain in Spain...</a>. She received a signed copy of <a href="http://books.scientificamerican.com/fsg/books/the-best-science-writing-online-2012/">The Best Science Writing Online 2012</a>.<br />
<br />
This contest is a great opportunity for students, but anyone can contribute. The 2014 contest did not have a winner; there were no acceptable submissions.<br />
<br />
So, for 2015, carefully select 300-500 words (or less) and/or an illustration that conveys inflammation. It can be humorous, political, or encompass pop culture or current events, but must be professional. It also needs to be appropriate for viewing/reading by most people.<br />
<br />
The overall goal is to accurately inform readers.<br />
<br />
Submissions can be sent to thefebrilemuse[at]gmail[dot]com. Please include "Inflammatory Language 2015 contest" in subject line, your professional byline, and your website URL, if you have one. Thank you in advance, and good luck! I look forward to reading your submissions.<br />
<br />
<b>Deadline: by end of Sunday, March 15, 2015</b>CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-16757034978748164032015-02-09T11:45:00.000-06:002015-02-10T09:37:08.585-06:00Tuberculosis: Review of The Forgotten Plague by American Experience (PBS)<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Now it is the forgotten plague, but in the 1800's through the
early 20th century, tuberculosis (TB) was not out-of-mind. It affected
everyone; nearly 1 in 170 people were in a sanitarium. Nearly every family,
rich or poor, lost family members to TB. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Highlighting how the U.S. was affected by TB, American Experience
has produced yet another thought-provoking documentary:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihpNqFZ4v7J8Ddazpj8IkVfwIFe2PkJ1QR_8zQUsO9BD6WbbEBwhImPvfPVPG-SvozeVeWROi2miPlG3m-gavx4VReDKgkk1CH_-OhmZzJ3ska3GYsCv8lCRSeYDQQ2DYlwvwMDQloChE/s1600/forgotten+plague+PBS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihpNqFZ4v7J8Ddazpj8IkVfwIFe2PkJ1QR_8zQUsO9BD6WbbEBwhImPvfPVPG-SvozeVeWROi2miPlG3m-gavx4VReDKgkk1CH_-OhmZzJ3ska3GYsCv8lCRSeYDQQ2DYlwvwMDQloChE/s1600/forgotten+plague+PBS.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-variant: small-caps;">American Experience: </span></b><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="color: #222222;">The
Forgotten Plague</span></i></b><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="color: #222222;">The
Deadly Story of Tuberculosis in America </span></i></b><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="color: #222222;">and the
Hunt for a Cure</span></i></b><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #222222;">Premieres
Tues, February 10th from 9-10PM ET on PBS</span></i></b><span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Scores of
Americans, rich and poor, became health-seekers. They migrated west and south,
to Los Angeles, Pasadena, Tucson, Denver, and many other now large cities,
in search of fresh air and health.<span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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The film
is partly based on <i>Living in the Shadow of Death</i> by Sheila
Rothman, but also has contribution by authors Andrea Barrett (<i>The Air We
Breathe</i>) and Peter Pringle (<i>Experiment Eleven: Dark Secrets Behind
the Discovery of a Wonder Drug</i>). Also, in true American Experience form,
there are interviews of people affected by TB, namely former patients of Trudeau's Sanitarium (Dr. Edward Trudeau was developer of the first sanitarium in the U.S.).<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Dr.
Trudeau was himself a patient, and an ardent believer of Robert Koch's 1882
postulates and felt TB to be contagious, especially after he detected the TB
bacillus in his own throat swabs. The medical establishment was slow to adapt,
and it took decades before major public health measures were taken. <b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Public
health measures helped with hygiene (think Kleenex, hemlines, beards,
parks and playgrounds, and porches), but also led to stigma of the poor, namely
immigrants and African Americans. Many people were sent to segregated
sanitariums which helped many improve, for a while, but even in Dr. Trudeau's
Sanitarium, only 1/3 of his patients (before medications became available)
lived. His daughter and himself, as well, succumbed to the disease.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
In 1943,
Dr. Albert Schatz, working in Selman Waksman's laboratory, developed
streptomycin, the first medication to treat TB. Within months, many patients
relapsed, underscoring the need for multiple medications to treat
this bacillus.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
In the
1950's TB became treatable and sanitariums started closing. Today, we have an
increase in multi-drug resistant TB. Let's not forget our history. <b style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-6364261503368936772014-11-20T12:08:00.002-06:002014-11-20T12:08:47.244-06:00Robert Hooke's Microscope<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSXSUKZjpsvKw6GVnm51RlerAujsRL_-5-5R2tDL66Jt1LGr_J51hCg5UpVXhGqSCQiaF028eM8zXmptS2sKnss-SeMr-1RUsTYA4PZJt5NcMcZTEKmyTYgUVCgWj9d_S1VZoi0SrdWkU/s1600/hookes+microscope.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSXSUKZjpsvKw6GVnm51RlerAujsRL_-5-5R2tDL66Jt1LGr_J51hCg5UpVXhGqSCQiaF028eM8zXmptS2sKnss-SeMr-1RUsTYA4PZJt5NcMcZTEKmyTYgUVCgWj9d_S1VZoi0SrdWkU/s1600/hookes+microscope.jpg" height="400" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Robert Hooke's Microscope at the <br /><a href="http://www.medicalmuseum.mil/">National Museum of Health and Medicine</a><br />photo by CM Doran 2013</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Imagine the world explored when Robert Hooke looked into this beautiful microscope.<br />
<br />
The card reads:<br />
<b>Microscope, Christopher Cock (London), 1665</b><br />
This microscope was used by Robert Hooke of the Royal Society, author of <i>Micrographia</i> and first person to apply the cord 'cell' to microscopic structures.<br />
M-030.00276<br />
<br />CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-69094512807496293882014-11-10T10:35:00.000-06:002014-11-10T11:34:31.639-06:00Reversion: Unintended Consequences<a href="http://www.sciencethrillers.com/wp-content/uploads/REVERSIONfrontcover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.sciencethrillers.com/wp-content/uploads/REVERSIONfrontcover.jpg" height="200" width="132" /></a>Today, <i>Reversion</i> by Amy Rogers at <a href="http://www.sciencethrillers.com/">Science Thrillers</a> is released: a lab worker on an illicit drug mission, hiding in a cave with bats; a clinical trial of gene therapy at a foreign medical tourism destination (because it was not approved in the States); and assorted characters ranging from sweet and valiant to pure sociopathic. What could possibly go wrong?<br />
<br />
The science of rabies, gene therapy, and mutations (to only name a few topics) are well portrayed:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #660000;">"Disabling the virus was standard procedure when using a virus as a tool in gene therapy. Yes, her clinical trial used a rabies virus, but the virus was designed to be nothing more than a courier that delivered a package of DNA to a specific cellular address. It didn't behave like natural rabies, and it definitely did not make the patient sick. She'd taken great pains to guarantee the safety of her genetically-engineered virus. She had deleted the genes that allowed it to cause disease, and she had crippled the virus's reproduction. Outside the laboratory, it could not copy itself. Which was the reason Gunnar needed to be treated on a regular basis. The gene therapy virus died off, was cleared from his body, and had to be replaced over and over."</span></blockquote>
<div>
Contained within <i>Reversion</i> are Negri bodies and Batten's disease<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">—</span>at odds with each other. A happy coincidence for the reviewer is that they were discovered in the same year, 1903. This coincidence is not a part of the story, but the lab bench "aha" moment (you will have to read the book to find out what that is) makes this coincidence sublime.</div>
<div>
<i><br /></i></div>
<div>
<i>Reversion</i> illustrates multiple ethical dilemmas such as the loss of subjectivity in clinical trials, for-profit medicine, and primate research. In addition, experiments inherently have some error. What effect does the power of nature have on error? </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The power of nature is a great theme, and was also portrayed in Dr. Roger's first well-done book, <i><a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/petroplague-oil-eating-microbes.html">Petroplague</a></i>. But <i>Reversion</i> is a more mature read, in content, and in story construction. </div>
<div>
<i><br /></i></div>
<div>
The cover of <i>Reversion</i> shows Mayan glyphs, bats, and virus particles. The drug cartel certainly provides a Mayan underworld tone to the story (this reviewer will not be able to look at an MRI machine the same). But, also setting the tone is Lyssa, Greek Goddess of madness, rage, frenzy, and rabid animals; and there is allusion to King Midas<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">—</span>a gift with consequences. The mythological stories are undercurrent, not central to the story. </div>
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<i>Reversion</i> has Sameer, Vargas, and Lyle. They are the most strong characters who seemed either the most sincere, pathetic, or mysterious. The main protagonist, Dr. Tessa Price, was well-defined, with a misguided sense of duty and an unreasonable fear of needles (read to find out where <i>that</i> gets her). She grows, but maybe not enough to end her story, or Gunnar's story.</div>
<br />
Reversion is undeniably a satisfying read, and truly deserves a large audience. It is published by the new <a href="http://www.sciencethrillersmedia.com/">Science Thrillers Media</a>, which now has four titles, and is also an invention of Dr. Amy Rogers. Readers have a lot to look forward to with her works.CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-42597996416795596232014-08-02T10:00:00.000-05:002014-08-02T10:00:00.247-05:00Glimpse of SmallpoxSmallpox.<br />
Extinction brought to you by all the hard efforts of research and vaccination.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb204JJ6K-MFV8-_yirtnRP6fryEy5fn8cYf9kCcEGsK6zcvXlzYX3UCSjAb9rmHf-BygzylC0vH3-XrvKboLlEmIktiojeaHsfDkw_QRv2LrGgUx8W0M8CAZLcqAhSay7jLGl5WgFqxk/s1600/baseball+banquet+to+hannahs+visit+2013+333.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb204JJ6K-MFV8-_yirtnRP6fryEy5fn8cYf9kCcEGsK6zcvXlzYX3UCSjAb9rmHf-BygzylC0vH3-XrvKboLlEmIktiojeaHsfDkw_QRv2LrGgUx8W0M8CAZLcqAhSay7jLGl5WgFqxk/s1600/baseball+banquet+to+hannahs+visit+2013+333.JPG" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">CM Doran 2013: Preserved foot of smallpox victim at<br />National Museum of Health and Medicine;<br />Silver Spring, Maryland</span></td></tr>
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<br />CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-24794626763827622852014-02-13T13:24:00.000-06:002014-03-17T13:23:50.560-05:00Second Annual Contest for Inflammatory Language!<i style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/search/label/Inflammatory%20Language">Inflammatory Language</a></i><span style="text-align: justify;"> is a series of primers on inflammation science. Care to contribute? The first place winner will receive a copy of ...</span><br />
<h1 class="a-size-large a-spacing-none" id="title" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQoDDhU8x5OEDazP0a1q67hLp7mlPc10tLGAVKAtTF7Lp9RPdRtbQ" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQoDDhU8x5OEDazP0a1q67hLp7mlPc10tLGAVKAtTF7Lp9RPdRtbQ" style="background-color: transparent;" /></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 1.3;"><i>The Ghost Map: The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic-</i></span><span style="line-height: 1.3;"><i>-and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World</i> by Steven Johnson</span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.3;"> </span></span></h1>
The 2013 winner was Dr. Monica Lalanda of <a href="http://medicoacuadros.wordpress.com/">Medicoacuadros</a>. Her illustrations were included in <a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/2013/05/inflammatory-language-rain-in-spain.html">Inflammatory Language: The Rain in Spain...</a>. She received a signed copy of <a href="http://books.scientificamerican.com/fsg/books/the-best-science-writing-online-2012/">The Best Science Writing Online 2012</a>.<br />
<br />
This contest is a great opportunity for students, but anyone can contribute.<br />
<br />
Carefully select 300-500 words (or less) and/or an illustration that conveys inflammation. It can be humorous, political, or encompass pop culture or current events, but must be professional. It also needs to be appropriate for viewing/reading by most people.<br />
<br />
The overall goal is to accurately inform readers.<br />
<br />
Submissions can be sent to thefebrilemuse[at]gmail[dot]com. Please include your byline and link to your website, if you have one. Thank you in advance, and good luck! I look forward to reading your submissions.<br />
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<b>Deadline: March 15, 2014 **Contest now closed** no acceptable submissions this year (3/17/14 CMDoran)</b>CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-19294041231304607352013-12-16T09:25:00.000-06:002013-12-16T09:25:25.151-06:00Have a Merry Microbiology ChristmasFrom around the Web...to you.<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="362" src="https://img0.etsystatic.com/019/0/6011212/il_570xN.474254516_dvkw.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://artologica.blogspot.com/2013/06/new-petri-dishes.html">Artologica Ornaments</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="labdiaries:
Fungal Christmas tree. Top: Talaromyces stipitatus; Tree: Aspergillus nidulans; Ornaments: Penicillium marneffei; Trunk: Aspergillus terreus. (c) Amila Hodzic
Merry christmas guys! Just stumbled across this on FB.
" src="http://31.media.tumblr.com/0506a8bd4c74fa0390d12a0af8c2486f/tumblr_meyxu6fvCh1s0r1cyo1_400.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://vetstudent-microbiologymaniac.tumblr.com/post/37843782752/labdiaries-fungal-christmas-tree-top">Fungal Christmas Tree by Vetstudent</a></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="110" src="http://www.jacobhaynesdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/IMG_4364.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jacobhaynesdesign.com/portfolio/christmas-microbiology/">Microbiology Christmas in Style by Jacob Haynes Design</a></td></tr>
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Have a Luminous Holiday!<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/raOawoAVk-s" width="420"></iframe>
CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-69619773974189741592013-11-21T11:57:00.000-06:002013-11-21T12:17:08.807-06:00Explore the Source: Epidemiologists at Work<br />
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /></div>
<br />
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<br />
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">The <a href="http://www.cste.org/">Council of State and Territorial</a></span></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.cste.org/">Epidemiologists</a> asked me to review </span></i></div>
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">this book and provided me a reviewer's </span></i></div>
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>copy. </i><i>They gave no renumeration or </i></span></div>
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>editorial </i><i>guidance for this</i><i> review.</i></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7212/7212442930_753a8cb2f9_o.jpg" height="400" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="243" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>African Water Pump H53</i><br />Acrylic by<span style="background-color: #fefefe; line-height: 16.889204025268555px; text-align: left;">Mariah Hamman<br />posted: <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/eckhartpubliclibrary/7212442930/">Eckhart Public Library 2012</a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How to save
millions of people? Hire epidemiologists—medical detectives who investigate: foodborne
and food industry illness, increased and unexplained mortality rates, higher
than expected rates of pneumonias and fevers, and global migration of highly
resistant organisms, among many other events. Often they work behind the scenes—behind
newspaper headlines with sensational ledes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Epidemiologists
are day-to-day, often meticulous personnel at local, state, federal, and
global health organizations who observe patterns of disease, discuss their
concerns with colleagues, involve experts from several disciplines and
organizations, talk to patients and families affected by illness, enter data
into databases and analyze it, study maps, use statistics and graphs to see
patterns, and discuss and publish their findings so that others can learn. They
are detailed people who love medicine, who love to solve puzzles, and who help
to control outbreaks and prevent reoccurrences. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alexandra M.
Levitt in <i>Deadly Outbreaks: How Medical
Detectives Save Lives Threatened by Killer Pandemics, Exotic viruses, and
Drug-Resistant Parasites </i>(Skyhorse Publishing, September 2013) asks:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">"What type of
person is ready and able to pit his or her wits against the endless
inventiveness of infectious microbes?"</span></span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">She answers
this question by highlighting epidemiologists—their lives, the people they work
with, and their science. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">John Snow
(the father of epidemiology) was an inquisitive person too, who in 1854
instructed the Broad Street Directors to remove the pump handle from the Broad
Street pump as it was, according to his astute observations, allowing people to
drink <i>Cholera</i>-contaminated well
water. He observed and documented and analyzed what was happening to people of
Victorian Soho London. In the words of Steven Johnson, author of <i>Ghost Map: The Story of London’s Most Terrifying
Epidemic—and How it Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World</i>,“…[It was
the] first time a public institution had made an informed intervention into a <i>Cholera</i> outbreak based on a
scientifically sound theory of the disease.”
His scientific methods and communication of his conclusions saved
hundreds of lives at that time, and it could be argued that his methods, that
live on now, have saved millions more. His search for source (the pump!) and his
action (remove the pump handle!) led to epidemiology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Much like
Maryn McKenna’s 2004 book <i>Beating Back
the Devil: On the Front Lines with the Disease Detectives of the Epidemic
Intelligence Service,</i> the people and the circumstances in which they live
are central to the story. However, McKenna’s book focuses, with a more finessed
narrative, on the training and experiences of the Center for Disease Control’s
Epidemic Intelligence Service. Dr. Levitt’s well-written book provides a more state
and local epidemiologist’s perspective on what an epidemiologist does.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Each
epidemiological case has clues, a beginning. In this book, there are seven
chapters and an epilogue, with eight beginnings that draw the reader in:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">“Medical
detective Annie Fine was reluctant to venture out to Queens for a routine check
on a few encephalitis patients at a neighborhood hospital in Flushing.”</span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">“Patrick J.
McConnon, the U.S. CDC Regional Southeast Asia Coordinator for Refugees, was
sick to his stomach, dreading the decision he had to make.”</span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">“In March
1981, the coroner’s office of the Province of Ontario alerted the Toronto
police to four suspicious deaths in cardiology Ward 4A of the hospital for Sick
Children, a hospital that specializes in caring for babies with complex heart
disease.”</span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">“On Monday,
August 2, in the bicentennial year of 1976, an official of the Pennsylvania
chapter of the American Legion reported something strange: same-day obituary
notices for four middle-aged legionnaires, briefly sick with an influenza-like
illness, who had attended a convention in Philadelphia during the third week in
July.”</span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Medical
detective Craig W. Hedberg first learned about the rise in food poisoning cases
from a microbiologist at the Minnesota state lab lab [sic] who visited his
office in late September, 1994.”</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“In
September 2007, an attending physician at the Austin Medical Center (AMC) in
Austin, Minnesota, examined a patient with numbness, tingling, fatigue, and
weakness in the legs and feet—symptoms that suggested damage to the peripheral
nervous system, the network of nerve cells that transmit information between
the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) and other parts of the
body.”</span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">“Dr. Thomas
Hennessy remembers the spring of 1993 as green, lush, and beautiful, in the
special way of desert lands after rain.”</span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">“Because new
microbes continue to emerge, we must always be prepared for the unexpected. As
this book goes into production, international investigations are underway—one in
the Middle East and one in China—involving new respiratory diseases with high
fatality rates and the potential for global spread.”</span></span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The epidemiologist
investigates as seen here in Chapter 3: <i>Sorrow and Statistics</i>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">“What could
medical detectives do that the Sick Kids doctors and the police had not already
done? The doctors had focused on the details of each baby’s illness, finding a
natural reason for each death. The police, on the other hand, had focused on a
particular suspect, seeking legal evidence to build a case against her. The epidemiologists
viewed the evidence from a different angle. Unlike the police or the doctors,
they looked at all of the deaths at once, as part of a single mission, trying
to figure out what all of the cases had in common—somewhat like an FBI analyst
examining deaths linked to a single serial killer.”</span></span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Epidemiologists
come up with a potential source (an aha! Or a “pump handle” moment) and take
action, like in Chapter 6: <i>Red Mist</i>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">“Staring spellbound
at the head table and its workers—who looked both strong and
vulnerable—Lynfield said to Wadding, ‘Kelly, what do you think is going on?’
Wadding responded by deciding, then and there, to stop using air-blasting
machinery to harvest brains. On the spot, he ordered the device dismantled and
brought to his office. He also agreed to provide the head table workers with
additional protective equipment.”</span></span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sometimes
epidemiologists stumble upon a new organism, as Chapter 4: <i>Obsession or Inspiration</i> details:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">“Armed with
the new culture technique and silver stain, the CDC scientists demonstrated
unequivocably [sic] that the new microbe was a gram-negative bacterium rather
than a ricketssial bacterium, although it turned out to be closely related
genetically to <i>Coxicella burnetii</i>—the
rickettsia that causes Q fever. (Gram negative bacteria are characterized by an
inability to take up certain dyes because of the structures of their cell
walls) It was named <i>Legionella
pneumophila</i> (“lung-loving”), in honor of the American Legionnaires.
Although many affected groups do not want the stigma of having an organism or
disease named after them, the leaders of the American Legion decided that the
name would honor their fallen colleagues.”</span></span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The science
in Deadly Outbreaks is rich and understandable. It may be a bit tough for the uninitiated,
however, but the people-centeredness of the stories will bring in most curious
readers. There are two infectious disease errors I assume (given Dr. Levitt’s
expertise in infectious disease) were due to unnoticed autocorrect functions
within the word processing program used to write the book: Typhoid Mary was
said to have typhus. She was a <i>Salmonella
typhi</i> carrier, not a typhus carrier. And mycoplasma was once misspelled as micoplasma.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What will appeal
to many readers is that Dr. Levitt is well read and steers the reader to interesting
and lesser known resources:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #b45f06;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“…Hedberg
remembers working long but productive hours to make sure more people did not
become sick. He also recalls that once the tainted meat was off the market and
things began to wind down, MDH [Minnesota Department of Health] shut down the
investigation for a week to give him time off to get married. A few years
later, this unusual foodborne outbreak became the topic of the last <i>New Yorker</i> article by Berton Rouech</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">é</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">, the author of <i>Eleven
Blue Men</i>, a classic collection of outbreak stories from the 1940’s and 1950’s<sup>5</sup>”
</span><o:p></o:p></span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Deadly Outbreaks</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> also has a note section in the back,
with further references. There are several photographs of the people
involved in the investigations as well as short biographies of each.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Deadly Outbreaks</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> is an important addition to the
science literature, as it highlights epidemiologists via a new perspective, and
it details who they are and how they do their work: from clues, to source, to action.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-90159682726538715142013-05-07T15:34:00.000-05:002013-05-07T15:34:32.280-05:00Inflammatory Language: The Rain in Spain...<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdvABjyoTr05GSlGtFL9nMJ6LbR7biydkHQYdHKEemv6z3fcq5gFjBFSqU28TabGDIc0PXRTWj5SOxhRlnZXofn1UJhODcPopFOUltSvK4jVR1Fkt5dIXILcdRizDZTu87dd6gF3fZR9U/s1600/sanidad+publica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="375" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdvABjyoTr05GSlGtFL9nMJ6LbR7biydkHQYdHKEemv6z3fcq5gFjBFSqU28TabGDIc0PXRTWj5SOxhRlnZXofn1UJhODcPopFOUltSvK4jVR1Fkt5dIXILcdRizDZTu87dd6gF3fZR9U/s400/sanidad+publica.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sanidad publica<br />
Illustration by <a href="http://medicoacuadros.wordpress.com/">Monica Lalanda</a> 2012</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">...<a href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/print/136522">austerity</a>, that is...falls on many of us (in the UK, Ireland, Greece and many other European Union countries including the Baltic States, and also the US). Austerity has finally pushed Spanish doctors into working together (a historically rare occurrence) to <a href="http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2012/12/06/aser-garcia-rada-the-turning-point-for-healthcare-workers-protests-in-spain/">fight the break-up</a> of their national health system. The <a href="http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f1850">UK is at risk</a> as well.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In February, <i>The Febrile Muse</i> asked readers to submit to Inflammatory Language either a 300-500 word article and/or illustration that conveys inflammation. It could have been humorous, political, or encompassed pop culture or current events. The overall goal was to accurately inform readers. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Monica Lalanda was the first to submit her work. She submitted three illustrations from her blog: <a href="http://medicoacuadros.wordpress.com/">Medicoacuadros</a>. Dr. Lalanda is a Spanish Emergency Medicine doctor who trained and worked in the UK before going back home. She fights for a better world with her stethoscope, her words, and her drawings, and strongly believes in a good public health service. She is married to a surgeon and has two kids. Please read her blog. It is passionate, and places her patients and vocation at the center of healthcare. I'm sure doctors, pharmacists and other health care professionals will be able to identify with her illustrations, such as this one: </span><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrTaIPpMtwiK7HQZUXSbg-il9XCddRA6sAtEX2ZoCdeN-8AZKJkxq2-ZafkpOtZJDmn6HeIO8uamSpb9vrtMq2sI8SkCOTIFRjHzrL5ZxwHoIcf0JdFplryIGvdPEI8dOpBEK2J4TW5qU/s1600/a+punto+de+estallar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrTaIPpMtwiK7HQZUXSbg-il9XCddRA6sAtEX2ZoCdeN-8AZKJkxq2-ZafkpOtZJDmn6HeIO8uamSpb9vrtMq2sI8SkCOTIFRjHzrL5ZxwHoIcf0JdFplryIGvdPEI8dOpBEK2J4TW5qU/s640/a+punto+de+estallar.jpg" width="457" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A punto de estellar (to burst)<br />
llustration by <a href="http://medicoacuadros.wordpress.com/">Monica Lalanda</a> 2012</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Now, how does this relate to Inflammatory Language? Well, obviously financial tensions are inflammatory. Yet, my original intention was to focus on the <span style="color: #783f04;">science</span> of inflammation and infection. After reading more submissions, and reading about the sequester (not to be confused with quarantine or isolation here), it hit me how healthcare systems and cuts to resources--to </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">detect, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">research, control and treat infections was inflaming passions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">We all know that good accessible healthcare leads to the control and treatment of infectious disease. I will go a step further to say that we (physicians, pharmacists, nurses, scientists, and science writers) have an </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="https://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/principles-medical-ethics.page">ethical obligation</a></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> to worry and work against the unintended effects of austerity,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> sequester, and challenges to our health systems--</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">on many levels, but for our sake here, on the prevention and treatment of infectious disease. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">What evidence do we have that austerity measures have already affected infectious disease? These four things are just the tip of the iceberg..... Feel free to add to the list in the comment section--a later post can expand upon the evidence.</span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=greece+austerity+suicide" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Greece</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, drastic cuts to condom and needle exchange programs has lead to more HIV infections</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Also in Greece, overall infectious diseases morbidity/mortality in men has increased.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">No statistics done to find an association, but look at resistance pattern for </span><i>Klebsiella pneumonia</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">--appears to be higher in </span><a href="http://www.cddep.org/resistancemap/overview/KP#.UYgJL6KsiSo">countries</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> that have made drastic cuts to healthcare (austerity measures)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Disease-carrying insect control has been </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">drastically cut in</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><a href="http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/02/florida-tea-party-backlash-rick-scott" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Florida</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, where an uptick in home-grown Dengue fever seen in</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><a href="http://www.webmd.com/news/20130314/homegrown-strain-of--dengue-fever-virus-pinpointed-in-florida" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2009</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (before Mr. Scott took office) and 2010; Globally, dengue fever cases are up (in non-tropical areas too) and severely </span><a href="http://health.wusf.usf.edu/post/dengue-fever-cases-have-been-seriously-underestimated" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">underestimated</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv4g6K5-1WC0Qkp-YZdiF6IabXR_OdqknvVgpBXU5Ch2341FvMf2Q3tx_DelgmB3-mvjpf8c40CBcZVOYexZKELRYTAM_nuSqSCypnKB1yM54cHmqDEBOfL1qiTmmtMG-U7iwcShhn6pI/s1600/angry+doc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv4g6K5-1WC0Qkp-YZdiF6IabXR_OdqknvVgpBXU5Ch2341FvMf2Q3tx_DelgmB3-mvjpf8c40CBcZVOYexZKELRYTAM_nuSqSCypnKB1yM54cHmqDEBOfL1qiTmmtMG-U7iwcShhn6pI/s320/angry+doc.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Angry Doctor<br />
Illustration by <a href="http://medicoacuadros.wordpress.com/">Monica Lalanda</a> 2012</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Infectious diseases can spread globally, and a great deal of resources need to be in place (in all countries) to prevent widespread disease. An outbreak, if not contained, can spread to other countries, undetected until it is too late. And in the case of resistance, inadequate containment/treatment in one country may lead to inadequate treatment in others.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It will take global resources to prevent a backslide in protecting our people from infectious disease. It is imperative that we consider:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<ul>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Healthcare labor-force</span></b></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Nursing shortages have been associated with increased <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328993/">mortality</a> in patients due to urinary tract infections and pneumonia</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Number of <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1592/phco.22.3.134.33551/abstract">clinical pharmacists</a> in hospitals inversely related to medication errors</span></li>
</ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Access to healthcare and nutrition</b></span></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">When patients have limited access to healthcare, emergency rooms become overburdened. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Limited access either results in inappropriate use of ER departments and/or delayed treatment (if patient goes nowhere).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Sequestration will lead to cuts in <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/sequestration-state-impact/">public health</a> (the extent of cuts has been debated)</span></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Decreased funds to <a href="http://www.salon.com/2013/03/12/how_republicans_think/">multiple programs to aid the poor</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Infant mortality is already <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-204_162-57583237/u.s-has-highest-first-day-infant-mortality-out-of-industrialized-world-group-reports/">high</a> in poorer cities and states</span></li>
</ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Decreased meals for <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/sequestration-state-impact/">seniors</a>, due to sequestration</span></li>
</ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Vaccinations</b></span></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23598476">Global vaccination programs</a> require resources</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Lack of adequate vaccination coverage leads to <a href="http://www.yorkspark.co.uk/?p=265">more infection</a></span></li>
</ul>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS testing/treatment services</span></b></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Decreased <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/sequestration-state-impact/">HIV testing</a> and for other STDs</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Decreased treatment programs</span></li>
</ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Infection control and antimicrobial stewardship</b> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Surveillance agencies need resources (sequestration has led to cuts at the Centers for Disease Control, <a href="http://www.politico.com/story/2013/04/cms-fda-budget-winners-cdc-nih-take-hit-89902.html">CDC</a>)</span></li>
</ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Resistance</b></span></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/03/uk-cmo-report/">Multidrug resistance</a> among <a href="http://press.psprings.co.uk/bmj/march/antibioticsedit.pdf">Gram negative infections</a>, <a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75183/1/9789241503938_eng.pdf">HIV</a>, and <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development-professionals-network/2013/mar/01/drug-resitant-tb-tuberculosis-drugs">TB</a> are increasing (a recent example of <a href="http://www.healthleadersmedia.com/content/QUA-291756/Deadly-CRE-Infection-Spreading-Fast-in-Hospitals">carbapenem resistance</a>)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Treatment of resistant organisms is <a href="http://press.psprings.co.uk/bmj/march/antibiotics.pdf">more expensive</a> than prevention of or treatment of susceptible infections</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">If resistance reaches the point where <a href="http://press.psprings.co.uk/bmj/march/antibiotics.pdf">many infections are not treatable</a>, routine surgeries such as cardiovascular procedures and joint replacement become more risky</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Research organizations need resources to develop new vaccines and antimicrobials and other methods to prevent and fight infection (sequestration has led to cuts to the <a href="http://articles.latimes.com/2013/mar/21/business/la-fi-sequester-science-20130322">National Institute of Health</a>, the <a href="http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/05/06/sequestration-could-make-the-us-sicker-fatter">NIH</a>) </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Pharmaceutical companies have little <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/business/an-economic-cure-for-pandemics.html?src=recg">financial incentive</a> to develop new treatments</span></li>
</ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Food and water inspection</b></span></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">less inspection of <a href="http://www.stopfoodborneillness.org/content/sequester-expected-have-big-impact-food-safety-details-unknown">food</a>, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/02/florida-tea-party-backlash-rick-scott">water</a>, and more antibiotic use in <a href="http://www.academia.edu/413020/Self-reported_methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus_infection_in_USA_pork_producers">animals</a> may lead to more food and waterborne illness.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BGXVIllCcAIkYsT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Embedded image permalink" border="0" height="320" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BGXVIllCcAIkYsT.jpg" style="text-align: start;" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Lalanda won this book!<br />
Thank you for your submission.<br />
Photograph by Monica Lalanda 2013</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By working together, as healthcare professionals, as scientists, as writers and illustrators, we should fight for the resources to do what is right and just (because we have the information)...for humanity, not our individual pockets.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">I realize that there is only so much money to go around, but we have made tremendous gains in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. When you only look at infectious diseases and what needs to be done to take care of our people in the best way possible, I see the Tea party as immoral...at least real tea has antimicrobial properties.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-4749194331545425772013-03-22T08:30:00.000-05:002013-05-06T07:58:05.660-05:00Winner of Inflammatory Language Contest! <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSbi-teBe4jnKUFZMPDxhuJNQAjVKiNYFC2NEiErpWAhhvDPV_R" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSbi-teBe4jnKUFZMPDxhuJNQAjVKiNYFC2NEiErpWAhhvDPV_R" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">from cofisher.blogspot.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Febrile Muse has chosen three illustrations by Dr. Monica Lalanda, an Emergency Room physician in Spain, as the winning entry of t</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">he Inflammatory Language</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> contest. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dr. Lalanda will receive </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://books.scientificamerican.com/fsg/books/the-best-science-writing-online-2012/">The Best Science Writing Online 2012</a> as her prize. Congratulations!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In all honesty, I feel that by meeting Dr. Lalanda, I have won. She has great insight into the plight of healthcare on a global scale, namely that of Spain. In this day of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">austerity and sequesters and challenges to The Affordable Care Act,</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> I worry about the unintended effects on management of infectious disease. Bolstered by what I have learned from Dr. Lalanda, a future post will discuss this, but most importantly--<span style="color: #783f04;">feature her wonderful illustrations</span>.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thank you to everyone that submitted material. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-79780311667930286132013-02-07T09:36:00.000-06:002013-02-07T12:05:15.186-06:00Support Science StudioBecause of the generosity of readers and the science community, The Febrile Muse was able to help support this fabulous project, spearheaded by Rose Eveleth and her colleagues Ben Lillie (Story Collider) and Bora Zivkovic (Scientific American). They are developing a web-home for the best of science multimedia.<br />
<br />
In support of science and science writing....and now....science multimedia! There are 8 more days to go on <a href="http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/roseveleth/science-studio">Kickstarter</a>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe frameborder="0" height="360" src="http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/roseveleth/science-studio/widget/video.html" width="480"> </iframe>CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-5212312717407757452013-01-22T08:45:00.000-06:002013-01-25T09:04:44.239-06:00Contest for Inflammatory Language!<br />
<i>Inflammatory Language</i> is a series of primers on inflammation science. Care to contribute? The first place winner will receive one copy of <a href="http://books.scientificamerican.com/fsg/books/the-best-science-writing-online-2012/">The Best Science Writing Online 2012</a> published by Scientific American/FSG! This contest is a great opportunity for students, but anyone can contribute.<br />
<br />
Carefully select 300-500 words (or less) and/or an illustration that conveys inflammation. It can be humorous, political, or encompass pop culture or current events, but must be professional. It also needs to be appropriate for viewing/reading by most people.<br />
<br />
The overall goal is to accurately inform readers.<br />
<br />
Submissions can be sent to thefebrilemuse[at]gmail[dot]com. Please include your byline and link to your website, if you have one. Thank you in advance, and good luck! I look forward to reading your submissions.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Deadline: February 28, 2013</span></b>CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-3338059530384585522013-01-16T12:14:00.000-06:002013-01-17T21:35:10.318-06:00The Birth of a Monocyte: Inflammatory Language No. 4<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE9_tq4iTOAayzQaOPimC_LBFOW4Rmwse_es2xC6HxEXkuPXxjZjd9jKfudaetu5iBWRjz4Y8wVRivYh4FwCjiRqTG_PnaSm_yArXeHrwoiS8Y2RETPfwR_om6WWLtWDyS4WvWWjcwNn8/s1600/frisquet+monocyte.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE9_tq4iTOAayzQaOPimC_LBFOW4Rmwse_es2xC6HxEXkuPXxjZjd9jKfudaetu5iBWRjz4Y8wVRivYh4FwCjiRqTG_PnaSm_yArXeHrwoiS8Y2RETPfwR_om6WWLtWDyS4WvWWjcwNn8/s320/frisquet+monocyte.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Monocyte by <a href="http://asthydays.wordpress.com/2012/04/15/nerdy-art/">Asthydays 2012</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Having only three
days to live would be…daunting. I don’t suppose monocytes consider this, but
once they enter the circulation, they have three days to either participate in
inflammatory response reactions (be a reactionary) or die an oxidative death, only
to be replaced by the next “frantic” monocyte. And so goes their life cycle.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Long before a
monocyte is “born,” its ancestor or progenitor, a pluripotent stem cell, lives within
bone marrow stromal cells and is capable of turning into any other kind of
human cell: heart cell, liver cell, or a cell of the blood, to name a few. Some
pluripotent stem cells develop into hematopoetic stem cells (HSC) that further
develop into the blood cells of the human body—the lymphoid or myeloid cell
lines. The myeloid cell line encompasses the platelets, red blood cells, mast
cells, basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils. It also encompasses monocytes,
macrophages, and myeloid dendritic cells, leading to the birth of potential reactionaries.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAa76PzIbX33x82Lr2FhJTeaYcLFDYWZDlF2BBypP8nziPvzHkdf9kee06UDYc11W0vZY6ZSubiM3H3RJm1fqpBxAa06wPWxVY88m32I1dGx22d4r_WJXH0jEkPCURCGNI9RBwDWkDONg/s1600/Hematopoiesis_(human)_diagram.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAa76PzIbX33x82Lr2FhJTeaYcLFDYWZDlF2BBypP8nziPvzHkdf9kee06UDYc11W0vZY6ZSubiM3H3RJm1fqpBxAa06wPWxVY88m32I1dGx22d4r_WJXH0jEkPCURCGNI9RBwDWkDONg/s400/Hematopoiesis_(human)_diagram.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hematopoiesis_(human)_diagram.png">Wikipedia</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1915, the
movie <i>The Birth of a Nation</i> was
released, triggering inflammatory responses all over the United States.
Additionally, it became a recruitment tool for the KKK. The dangerous and faulty
parallel between that movie and the monocyte is this: the monocyte can lead to
inflammatory reactions, and the monocyte can recruit immune or reactionary
cells. The parallel breaks down when there is no need to react, that it would
be <i>wrong</i> and disease-causing to do
so; so the tolerant monocyte just hangs out. There is no inflammation via its doing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the
human, the majority of new monocytes are produced in the bone marrow of the vertebrae
or sternum. In fetuses less than 4-5 months gestation, they are produced in the
spleen and liver. Within a niche, a particular microenvironment of the bone marrow
not yet determined, HSCs develop. This niche could be an osteoblastic (cell
that builds bone) niche, an endothelial cell (lining of blood vessel) niche, a multipotent
primitive mesenchymal cell (like CAR and nestin-expressing) niche in the
stromal cells, or a combination of some or all of these. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKrZcEXN4kDSV9R3S_tsL1iqiTU_wFBs-5UcM5lCvY1cQBrt_BDjPapqjNneLORRf6IDxezzwVLQYN2E9JAgCX1PPLvnh7OGLIY5F5PN6q7NMkfEquQbQ0quVCLrBh3OYh8u7pe4n0neA/s1600/cytokines+determine+cell+type+from+wikipedia.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKrZcEXN4kDSV9R3S_tsL1iqiTU_wFBs-5UcM5lCvY1cQBrt_BDjPapqjNneLORRf6IDxezzwVLQYN2E9JAgCX1PPLvnh7OGLIY5F5PN6q7NMkfEquQbQ0quVCLrBh3OYh8u7pe4n0neA/s320/cytokines+determine+cell+type+from+wikipedia.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesis">Wikipedia</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Although the
exact niche for HSC isn’t known, </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405285/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">studies</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> have revealed that </span><a href="http://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/6387.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CXCL12</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCR4"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CXCR4</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (ligand-receptor) signaling is
necessary for maintenance of HSC and their progenies. And, by influence of
certain chemokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-3, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage
colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and stem cell factor (SCF), the myeloid
cell line develops. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">GM-CSF
causes further differentiation (specialization) of the myeloid to a myeloblast,
which is further differentiated into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and
monocytes. SCF, GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-6, and specifically M-CSF aid in the
development of promonoblasts, monoblasts, promonocytes, then <i>finally—</i>monocytes<i>.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://thesensitivescientist.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/macrophage-1.jpg?w=300&h=204" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Macrophage: First Attempt by <a href="http://thesensitivescientist.wordpress.com/2011/12/11/sunday-night-sketches/">The Sensitive Scientist</a> 2011 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The monocytes
can reside within the marrow, be stored in the spleen, or nonchalantly patrol
the blood for microbes—and await activation into macrophages </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">or dendritic
cells. If unchanged, the monocytes eventually die an </span><a href="http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/images/43705"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">apoptotic</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> death. Their </span><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039956"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">lack of DNA repair genes</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> may have something to do with this for
macrophages or dendritic cells are able to repair their DNA, and therefore live
longer. I don’t suppose a monocyte considers this either, but it is their life.</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Sources</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Apoptosis of monocyte: Bauer M, Goldstein M, Heylmann D, Kaina B (2012) Human Monocytes Undergo Excessive Apoptosis following Temozolomide Activating the ATM/ATR Pathway While Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Are Resistant. PLoS ONE 7(6): e39956. doi:<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039956">10.1371/journal.pone.0039956</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Bone marrow niches for HSC: Sugiyama T, NagasawaT ; Inf lamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2012 June; 11(3): 201–206. Published online 2012 June. doi: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F187152812800392689" target="pmc_ext">10.2174/187152812800392689</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Wikipedia:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hematopoietic_growth_factors.png" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">hematopoetic growth factors</a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">There will
be three Inflammatory Language posts devoted to monocytes. The first of which, </span></span><a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/2012/10/monocyte-fashion.html" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Monocyte
Fashion</a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">, addressed the style or types of monocytes. This post is the second devoted to monocytes. The third and forthcoming post will address cell trafficking,
from the monocyte’s perspective. Future posts will </span></span><span style="line-height: 18px;">eventually</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> address the rest of </span></span><a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/inflammatory-language-no-1-ongoing.html" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Inflammatory Language, the song</a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<i><b>This is the fourth post of a series: <a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/inflammatory-language-no-1-ongoing.html">Inflammatory Language</a>. The series will briefly emphasize aspects of inflammation, mainly in response to microorganisms, but not always. You can contribute to this column by submitting a 300-500 word piece (or artwork) to me by email, along with byline. If deemed appropriate (it can be serious, political, scientific, or funny as long as it pertains to inflammation), we'll publish it here and the first place post (deadline February 28, 2013) will receive one copy of <a href="http://books.scientificamerican.com/fsg/books/the-best-science-writing-online-2012/">The Best Science Writing Online 2012</a> published by Scientific American/FSG!</b></i>
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</script>CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-43189495843307242032012-11-26T11:34:00.000-06:002012-11-26T14:54:48.350-06:00Wherefore Science Writing? An Interview of Richard Wintle<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Several wonderful interviews between authors in the anthology <i><a href="http://books.scientificamerican.com/fsg/books/the-best-science-writing-online-2012/">The Best of Science Writing Online 2012</a></i> (Scientific American/Farrar,
Strauss and Giroux) have originally been posted </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://books.scientificamerican.com/fsg/books/the-best-science-writing-online-2012/">here</a></span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. As a newbie to the anthology, I felt humbled to have
the opportunity to interview another newbie, although a more experienced writer
than me.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Richard F. Wintle, the </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">assistant
director of The Centre for Applied Genomics at the Hospital for Sick Children
in Toronto, Canada, joined me for an email chat over the last month. He writes
about science, photography and motorsports at the Occam's Typewriter
blog, </span><a href="http://www.occamstypewriter.org/wintle" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adventures in
Wonderland</span></a><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. His contribution to the anthology is <i>Genome Sequencing and
Assembly, Shakespeare Style</i>. It is a lively and witty explanation of
genetic code and assembly that uses <i>Romeo and Juliet</i> and <i>Julius
Caesar</i> to explain. Bravo. I loved the piece and requested to interview
him. He graciously accepted. </span></div>
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<a href="http://resources.macmillanusa.com/jackets/186W/9780374533342.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Best Science Writing Online 2012" border="0" height="200" src="http://resources.macmillanusa.com/jackets/186W/9780374533342.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" width="133" /></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I had read his piece months ago, but for the interview I had to find him
on the jacket cover (designed by </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Jason Heuer). The cover reminds me of the
periodic table, but also stimulates faint memories of The Hollywood Squares. In
order for me to ask Richard questions, I needed to lean out of my red square
and look down and slightly to the right, to the next group over.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[waves to blue square] Hi Richard!</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hi right back at you! Hollywood Squares - now I know I've made it!</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Richard, do you remember the moment when you decided
to write this piece? What "forced" you to do it? I'm assuming a
conscious decision took place, but maybe not.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I’d been thinking for a while about ways to try and get the genome
analysis and assembly problems across to non-specialist audiences, and had been
kicking around ideas using jigsaw puzzles, music, literature, and other
things. Shakespeare seemed like a good choice, since most English-language
readers would be at least a bit familiar with his writing. Likening genome
sequence to text is fairly obvious, and I’m certainly not the first to do it –
“the genome, if written out in full, would take so many pages,” that kind of
thing.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Actually sitting down and writing it was, I’m not ashamed to admit,
something I forced myself into because the deadline for OpenLab submissions was
approaching, and that was as good a reason as any to finally get it done.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deadlines can be incredibly helpful. Another deadline
looms....any teasers you wish to give at this time?</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unfortunately, no. Somehow this year’s OpenLab/TBSWO deadline has
slipped past me. I am still percolating a few ideas though. I’ve had an idea
for using music to explain deletions and duplications in the genome, but I’m
not sure it will work as a written piece. It will probably make its way into my
teaching presentations, though. Otherwise, I’m still enjoying exploring my
local part of southern Ontario – lots of history around here, and some
interesting science connections that may spur some writing.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I like your musical idea. How about a podcast or some
other way to incorporate music into the structure of your writing?</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">That's a good idea - but not one I think I'll take on. I'm not a huge
fan of embedded audio or video in online writing, as I prefer to be able to
simply read. Plus, nobody needs to hear me playing instruments or (shudder!)
singing online. I'll leave that to someone more talentented, I think.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What were your challenges in writing this piece?</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My biggest problem is that I’m very verbose – I constantly need to keep
reminding myself to write more concisely. As a result, the posts went through
many edits before I put them up on <i>Occam’s Typewriter</i>. The original
posts also had a number of photographs with captions that I thought were rather
witty. When it came time to include them in the book, I initially had trouble
in letting them go – but fortunately it turned out that the writing didn’t
depend on them to get the point across after all. I’m glad we had a good
editor.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> I agree that editing is a key part of the
writing process, very different from the initiation of writing. </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Where did you write your piece? I consider thinking
about what you want to say, the pre-planning, a part of the writing process.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I probably thought of parts of this in many different places – while
driving, sitting on the train, or when I was supposed to be thinking about
something else. I’m pretty poor at formally planning my writing – I never
sketch an outline, for example. I have a half-hour train commute every day, and
I certainly typed some of it there. Other ideas I’d note down during the work
day. But most of my writing I do at home in the evening, when there are fewer
distractions, and when I have time and internet access so that I can check
background material, access my photos on Flickr, and find links I want to
include.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>I can identify with you needing research time without
distraction.</b></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I think it is great that you use commuting time for
this creative venture. You have something in common with many
writers...trains. </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trains are good. Most of the time.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What are your dreams for your writing? Did
inclusion in this anthology change your initial plans?</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I don’t think I’m disciplined enough to have “big dreams” of authorship
– like writing a book, for example. All the research would kill me.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inclusion in TBSWO2012 hasn’t changed my plans much, although it’s
certainly fun to be included and I would like to be again. My fellow <i>Occam’s
Typewriter </i>blogger Stephen Curry has been in several successive
editions, which is impressive. I do tend to blog in a much more narrative,
diary-like way than I’d like. Writing with OpenLab/TBSWO in mind as a target
forces me to be more didactic (and concise!), which I think is a good thing.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Along with your clinical and research genomics work,
you mention teaching a non-specialist audience. Who is that audience, and how
has your writing life co-existed with teaching? Do you use either your or other
science bloggers' writings in a teaching capacity?</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I should first clarify that what we do is 100% research, rather than
clinical – although there are certainly diagnostic implications of some of the
results we obtain.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part of what I do is to introduce interested parties to the laboratory
here – through seminars, tours, or both. These can range from high school
students, through funders and other stakeholders, to people with no science
background at all. Some may be philanthropists, some may be parents of
patients, or representatives of organizations involved in Autism, which is a
large focus of the research we do. One memorable tour was for high school
science students from the National Ballet School, which was a slightly
different and more athletic audience than usual.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I also do some teaching to community college and university students,
typically studying bioinformatics or forensics. Most have some biology background,
but generally not a lot of experience with high-throughput genomics, so the
focus has to be a lot less specialized than, say, for a talk at a scientific
conference. Some examples I use in these teaching activities are drawn from
things I’ve written (and vice versa). I tend to stay away from using other
science writers’ examples, though. And I’m increasingly using more visuals and
less text in my presentations – being an avid photographer, I find I can work
images in fairly readily. I’m not sure yet how much this helps to get the point
across, but I’m experimenting.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is great that you look at different ways to present
and teach your field. What do your students and/or interested parties want to
know about autism and the work you do in your laboratory?</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One thing I've been told is to always try and bring the abstract,
technical aspects of the genomic science we do back to a disease or disorder,
something that people can more easily relate to. In our case, that means
patients and families - and for us, the patients are kids. Having said that,
I'm not sure that my Shakespeare piece does that at all. But students,
particularly younger ones, can easily relate to autism because it's much more
recognized now than, say, when I was in grade school. Younger students all seem
to know someone in their classroom, or the one next door, who is autistic.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One other thing people ask about is the genetics. Autism is highly
heritable - meaning it has a strong component determined by changes in genes,
either de novo in the child, or possibly inherited. Many people don't realize
that the genetic basis is so strong, so that's often something I'm asked about.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I assume you read many different writings, and you are
a photographer. What author and/or photography have particularly inspired you?</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I do read a lot, and diverse things. On the scientific side, I like a
few that I’ve mentioned from time to time – <i>The Nobel Duel</i> by
Nicholas Wade, which is a great example of high-level competition in scientific
research, and is clearly thoroughly researched and told in a very engaging way.
I like a lot of popular science writing, particularly the books of Jay Ingram.
On the photography side, <i>Last Chance to See</i> is wonderful –
both versions, the first by Douglas Adams and the more recent one by Stephen
Fry, with gorgeous pictures by Mark Carwardine. The photos really help to tell
the story – in this case, of highly-endangered species. I also enjoy
non-science photography, in particular the wartime reporting of Robert Capa and
Gerda Taro. Capa’s autobiography, <i>Slightly Out of Focus</i>, is a hoot,
as is his excursion through post-war Russia with John Steinbeck, <i>A
Russian Journal</i>. Both are good reads, and great examples of how words and
images can enhance each other.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I haven’t gotten to the stage of being able to take a photograph that
immediately tells a story without need for any accompanying text, but that’s
something to aspire to.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I think readers would miss your text, but I’m sure
your wit would become evident through pictures.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thank you for your time and for answering my
questions; I greatly enjoyed our correspondence. Best of luck to you in your
writing at Occam’s typewriter, your photography, and in your career. I wish you
and your family all the best. I’m going to the library now to look up those
books you mentioned.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perhaps we’ll see you back when <i>The Best of
Science Writing Online 2014</i> is published?</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thanks, Cindy. It should be a New Year's Resolution for me, every year -
write more! Maybe 2013 will be the year. All the best!</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Richard also interviewed me, which can be read at his blog, <a href="http://occamstypewriter.org/wintle/2012/11/26/the-febrile-muse-musing-an-interview-with-cindy-doran/">Adventures in Wonderland</a>.</span></div>
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CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-28437450573173887812012-10-23T07:00:00.000-05:002012-10-23T07:00:14.028-05:00Monocyte Fashion<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="http://fc01.deviantart.net/fs30/i/2008/045/c/d/hyperbolic_blood_cells_by_cyberxaos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://fc01.deviantart.net/fs30/i/2008/045/c/d/hyperbolic_blood_cells_by_cyberxaos.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Hyperbolic Blood Cells,<br />
by <a href="http://cyberxaos.deviantart.com/gallery/?q=blood+cells#/d1a23lu">Cyberxaos</a>; Feb. 2008 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Monocytes play a role in infection-fighting and in inflammation. However, they are only one type of cell that run the body's immune system. But they do it with style.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Each monocyte has different abilities to react to and release chemokines (chemicals that cause action), and each has a different surface, a surface decorated with different types of CD molecules. There are three basic types of monocyte: <b>classic</b>, <b>non-classic or </b><b>patrolling</b>, and <b>intermediate</b>. They are categorized by their CD molecules, their fashion.<br />
<br />
The <b>classic monocyte</b> sports relatively a lot of CD14 and no CD16 molecules. Tim Gunn refers to them as CD14++CD16-; at least he would if he wrote about the fashion of monocytes. These are the monocytes we mainly think of, the divas or warriors that go to sites of infection and differentiate further into macrophages and dendritic cells. If the body does not need all of them, they are sent back to the bone marrow fitting room where their fashion is altered...they get down-regulated to CD14+CD16++ and become <b>patrolling </b>monocytes.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SEM_blood_cells.jpg/220px-SEM_blood_cells.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Different cells within blood<br />from Wikipedia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The CD14+CD16++ <b>non-classic patrolling</b> monocytes hang out on the lining of blood vessels and in the spleen, but also participate in general, not-too-inflammatory, wound healing. These monocytes are the least inflammatory of the bunch.<br />
<br />
Of course, there are monocytes in the middle: the <b>intermediate</b>, pro-inflammatory ones. They secrete tumor necrosis factor and other chemokines to keep inflammation going. They have been linked to <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109712028136">atherosclerotic activity</a>. The fashion for this function is CD14++CD16+, in between the <b>classic</b> and <b>non-classic patrolling</b> design.<br />
<br />
Most fashion is superficial, but the surface of monocytes determines their actions and how they react to their environment. And we have only touched the <i>surface</i> of monocytes. Other posts will convey how they develop, how they are trafficked within the body, and how they function in trauma and infections.<br />
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Source: Pamer EG, Shi C. Monocyte recruitment during infection and inflammation. Nature Reviews/Immunology. November 2011; 11:762-74.<br />
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<i style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">This is the third post of a series: <b><a href="http://febrilemuse-infectious-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/inflammatory-language-no-1-ongoing.html">Inflammatory Language</a></b>. The series will briefly emphasize aspects of inflammation, mainly in response to microorganisms, but not always. You can contribute to this column by submitting a 300-400 word piece to me by email, along with byline. </span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></i><i style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">If deemed appropriate (it can be </span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">serious, political, scientific, or funny</span></i><i style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> as long as it </span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">pertains to inflammation)</span></i><i style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">, we'll publish it here and not use it for anything else--thank you. At some point, I may be able to offer compensation, but can only now offer the warm fuzzy feeling you get when you post something for people to read.</span></i></div>
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CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-75489679705350763832012-10-19T07:00:00.000-05:002012-10-19T07:00:10.267-05:00Short Story Science: Stone Link<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ZJmOWjWo2bzLyu58aW-VO3RX5eO4-gjUaLKt-VVjkormyRONCMyiWcw-Hzmv4nKeVURFhyphenhyphenn6mHmrrxShch_w_vvnAotYUHfDsa_S_6e64v1Xh0vh8N-U0zs_DoV1l24Uxu-zcw0m4QM/s1600/pebbles+at+Braewick+Beach.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ZJmOWjWo2bzLyu58aW-VO3RX5eO4-gjUaLKt-VVjkormyRONCMyiWcw-Hzmv4nKeVURFhyphenhyphenn6mHmrrxShch_w_vvnAotYUHfDsa_S_6e64v1Xh0vh8N-U0zs_DoV1l24Uxu-zcw0m4QM/s400/pebbles+at+Braewick+Beach.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Red Granite Stones at Braewick Beach<br />
A section of a photograph by Mike Pennington</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Richard usually liked staring out the window, but not this
evening. His neighbor, Mrs. Gerkart, was standing still at her door, with her
key in her hand. Richard didn’t like what he saw. He ran to her, but she disappeared.
A small red granite stone lay on the stoop as her substitute.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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“Okay. That was not real. No more coffee so late in the day,”
he stuttered to no one but Sam, his red Persian. Sam looked at him as he would
any other day, and returned to the house, to his nap on the couch. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Richard had had Sam only a month. He had followed Richard
home from a walk. It was Don, his best friend at the college, who said he
should keep Sam. “Give him a chance. You’ll be less lonely,” he had said while
tapping Richard on the shoulder. Richard never learned where Sam had come from,
but they settled in nicely together. Sam liked the food, warmth, and occasional
attention that Richard gave him.<o:p></o:p></div>
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That night in bed, as he lay thinking about gorgons, Richard got an awful headache. He opened his eyes, and in
front of him was a man in sandals carrying a large bag. The man wasn’t standing;
he was two feet off the ground. Richard couldn’t breathe. The bag was familiar.
He heard hissing—perhaps it was his fan. Sam leapt from the bed,
making a most uncharacteristic sound for a cat, and ran out. Within a few moments, there was nothing,
the room empty, and the fan was off. His headache was gone.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Richard blinked into the dark. Perhaps he had had too much
salt at dinner. Sleep was now out of the question, so he went downstairs to make
coffee. Mrs.Gerkart’s porch light was on. With no worries, but in need of distraction, he went back
upstairs with his mug to the den, to work on a work-in-progress, <i>Mythology and Modern Man</i>. He taught
ancient history at UW, but found mythology and its link to modern life fascinating and was slightly obsessive about it.<o:p></o:p></div>
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A half hour into his work, he noticed that Sam as nowhere
around. Finding this strange, he went back down stairs—in his slippers, untucked USC t-shirt, Green Bay
Packers pajama pants, and hair channeling Einstein—to look for him. Standing three
feet from the stairs was Sam—stiff and staring.<o:p></o:p></div>
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“What’s wrong Sam?”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sam didn’t move.<o:p></o:p></div>
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“Sam…?”<o:p></o:p></div>
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For only an instant, the headache returned and he saw the head of Medusa in
Perseus’s hands. Perseus knew what he was doing.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Richard hardened and fell to the floor.<o:p></o:p></div>
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***<o:p></o:p></div>
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“Richard, I got worried about you when you didn’t attend the Spartan webinar with us last night,” Don was at Richard’s bedside at the hospital.<o:p></o:p></div>
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“Oh. I guess I forgot. What happened to me?”<o:p></o:p></div>
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“The doctors say you have toxoplasmosis. You probably got it from Sam. Your
arthritis medicine weakened your immune system, and you got a brain infection.
They have you on medications, so you’ll be okay now.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Richard wasn’t too sure. “But Perseus had Medusa’s head. He was there, Don. And Sam and I were turned
to stone." He knew Don wouldn't believe this. "Where’s Sam?”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Don <i>knew</i> Richard was
confused, but toxoplasmosis could cause confusion, and Richard had been working
too hard. “He’s at home, fine—eating tons and frisky as anything.” Sam <i>was</i> different, but okay.<o:p></o:p></div>
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“It seemed real. Mrs.Gerkart too, the neighbor. How is she?”<o:p></o:p></div>
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“I don’t know. She wasn't home when I went over there. Probably at her daughter’s house in, where was that? Michigan?” He looked unsure. “Get some rest now. I’ll be late for class if I
don’t get going. Be back later.” He saw Richard’s upturned gaze. “It’s okay Richard.
It wasn’t real.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Richard was not too sure. There was a chill in the room, and
the smell of water and rocks entered his sleep. </div>
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Don did not return later.<o:p></o:p></div>
CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-32626430232419134322012-10-16T08:39:00.000-05:002012-10-16T12:30:28.108-05:00Petroplague: Oil-eating Microbes <br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">For the
most part, I prefer walking along rows and rows of books in bookstores to
online shopping. E</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">books, not being on real bookshelves, don’t currently have much of a
chance with this non-nook, non-kindle, non-ipad, I-want-to-turn-an-actual-page reader.
However, I may need to change. Many great </span><a href="http://www.downloadtheuniverse.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">science ebooks</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> and many works
of fiction with science are available only in digital format, and </span><a href="http://www.sciencethrillers.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Petroplague</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
has gotten my attention. There are no zombies. There is gas and a petrol-feasting
organism that jeopardizes the way we live. This was a different plague. I read…<gasp>…PDF.</span></div>
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<a href="http://sphotos-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ash4/205335_202429269777243_1304029_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://sphotos-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ash4/205335_202429269777243_1304029_n.jpg" width="149" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The
title didn’t grab me, nor did the cover
art. But the author did. Here is my disclaimer: I’ve
corresponded with Amy Rogers, so there may be bias. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">I started my
correspondence with her (or her with me) </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">because
of</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> our shared passion and enthusiasm for science and science writing. It
drips off her. It runs through her <a href="http://www.sciencethrillers.com/">website</a> and into her support of other
authors. I’m sure the enthusiasm runs into her home-life too, into her family
and children—they will benefit immensely from her.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">So,
because of Amy and her enthusiasm, I read. I found <i>great</i> microbial science,
oil-eating microbes running amuck, a well thought-out Los Angeles landscape,
children’s stories and songs, references to art, and characters who grew with knowledge. Here is what Amazon says
about her:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #943634;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Amy Rogers, M.D.,
Ph.D., began her writing career in elementary school by (unsuccessfully)
submitting anecdotes to Reader's Digest in hopes of earning twenty-five bucks.
By junior high her real passion was science, especially microbiology. In the
bedroom of her home in rural southern Minnesota, she kept Petri dishes of
bacteria in an egg incubator and won purple ribbons in science fairs. That
passion led her to study biochemistry at Harvard, and ultimately to earn a
doctorate in immunology. Wee beasties animated her years of teaching
microbiology at the university level. More recently, micro-critters inspired
her to write novels and short stories that highlight their amazing powers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Amy's thrilling science-themed
novels pose frightening "what if?" questions. Compelling characters
and fictionalized science--not science fiction--make her books page-turners
that seamlessly blend reality and imagination. Relentlessly curious, Dr. Rogers
works for scientific literacy and nature education for kids. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #e69138;">This author loves dim
sum, Ted Drewes, redwood forests, Minnesota lakes, Hawaiian beaches, and cats.
She lives in Northern California with her husband and two exceptional children
who believe she has an unreasonable tolerance for mysterious things growing in
her refrigerator.</span><span style="color: #943634;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">What is
not to like?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="File:USA tar bubble la brea CA.jpg" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/USA_tar_bubble_la_brea_CA.jpg/800px-USA_tar_bubble_la_brea_CA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="200" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From Wikipedia: La Brea tar pits</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In
Petroplague<i>, Syntrophus, </i>a microbe<i>,</i> escapes experimental confines and
begins to eat up oil-derived chemicals like the tar in the La Brea tar pits,
the gasoline in cars around the Los Angeles area, and the oil within
California’s geological structure. Big problems result (understatement). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Within
the text, there is an exhibition of contagion theory and the growth of
microorganisms…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #943634;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #e69138;">“Christina cordoned
off her grief and started to work. She picked up a bacterial culture needle—a
thin platinum wire mounted on a pencil-like handle—and lifted the wire into the
hottest part of the burner flame until the metal glowed red. After allowing the
wire to cool in the air, she plunged it into a flask of cloudy yellow
liquid: an old culture of the
photosynthetic <i>E. coli</i> bacteria. Then
she dipped the tip of the wire into a tube of fresh sterile broth. To the naked
eye the wire looked clean, but Christina knew it was covered with thousands of
invisible bacteria that would slip off into the fresh food and begin to grow
vigorously, doubling in number every half hour. Only a touch was all it took to
spread bacteria from one liquid to another.”</span><span style="color: #943634;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">And Petroplague
outlines well in the following three scenes how microorganisms can potentially
spread and lead to disaster:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #943634;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“He poured about a
half cup into the borehole, and the plague-infected fuel disappeared into the
depths. Jack expected to repeat this process all the way to Mission by looping
back east across the valley floor to the city of Bakersfield and to the Kern
River oil field where he knew pump jacks covered the arid plain as thick as
paparazzi around an A-list celebrity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The rod on the
contaminated pump jack rose and fell, rose and fell as Manley and Jack strolled
away.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">And</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #943634;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #e69138;">“When unfolded, the
gauge stick was twelve feet long. Ronny lowered it through the port and dipped
it into the gas. The overfill alarm was right; the tank was nearly full. He
refolded the stick and kept it handy because he’d be using it at the stations
he visited next. Then he sealed the access port, packed up the gas hose, and
wheeled his tanker tuck back on the road.”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;">And
this scene in which a mechanical “pig” is used to run through fuel lines to check their
integrity:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #943634;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Did you bring the
pig, Al?” Ken asked.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Wouldn’t be doing my
job if I didn’t,” Al replied. “I’m the pig keeper.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">They both smiled at
his joke.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“These smart pigs are
my babies,” Al continued. “The one in the truck is new. I used it for the first
time yesterday. Worked like a charm.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">”Which in-line
inspection did you use it for?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“We ran the pig through the gasoline delivery
pipelines. Got data on the integrity of all the 87 and 89 octane pipes, from
storage tanks to trucks.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">”Then I expect the pig
will do a good job again today. We’ll run it through the jet fuel pipelines
from here to LAX. Program the pig to record information on metal loss and
corrosion, and temperature and pressure in the pipe. Of course if there are any
early signs of fracture, I want to know. Get pictures, if you can.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #e69138;">”It’s as good as
done,” Al said.</span><span style="color: #943634;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Uh oh. Insert
ominous music here. Christina, the main character—a PhD. student
and Dr. Chen, her mentor, are working out the details: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #632423;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">They would get more
details from the DNA tests and the chemical analysis of the gasoline, but
Christina could no longer deny the facts. Her bacteria were eating L.A.’s gas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Just before dawn,
Christina and her boss shared their data with each other. In laboratory
science, results were often ambiguous or conflicting, but their efforts tonight
had produced clean data and an inescapable conclusion. Dr. Chen looked
defeated, his shoulders sagging and his face wooden.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #e69138;">“I have to contact the
authorities. If the infection spreads…” He paused, and shuddered. “The
oil-eating bacteria mush not escape the L.A. basin. The city must be
quarantined.”</span><span style="color: #632423;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Is there
a solution? Dr. Chen leads Christina to a potential cure, but is it?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #632423;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“…an antibiotic that
seems to affect <i>Syntrophus</i>.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“I thought we tested
all the antibiotic classes and none of them worked.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“This is a new
substance. I don’t have a clue what it is, I just know that it’s produced by
one of the microbes in our collection” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“From an oil field?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #e69138;">“Yes. Presumably these
bacteria compete with each other in the wild, and one species evolved to make
an antibiotic that kills the other.”</span><span style="color: #632423;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Of
course, there are twists that I can not divulge. It is a thriller with disaster at every turn. And aside from the wonderful science, the characters grow throughout
the story. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Even the assumingly thick boyfriend of Christina’s cousin can grow—from
a man who places grilled chicken on the same platter as the uncooked pieces—to a
curious conversationalist regarding mutated bacteria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #632423;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Mutated?” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Not exactly. More
like, they learned a new skill from some friends.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“We’re talking about
itty bity microbes here, right?” Mickey said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #e69138;"> “We are, but even bacteria have ways of
sharing information. The information is in the form of genetic material.
Bacteria can actually give some of their DNA to each other in a process called
horizontal gene transfer. It happens in the wild. Last night I found DNA in my <i>Syntrophus</i> that wasn’t there before. The
new DNA codes for aerobic survival.”</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Don’t
worry. Aerobic is explained, but not pendantically. The story will show you what it is. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Prado_in_Google_Earth-x4-y1.jpg/600px-Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Prado_in_Google_Earth-x4-y1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="File:Hieronymus Bosch - The Garden of Earthly Delights - Prado in Google Earth-x4-y1.jpg" border="0" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Prado_in_Google_Earth-x4-y1.jpg/600px-Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Prado_in_Google_Earth-x4-y1.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A section of Hieronymus Bosch's dark and<br />
disturbing work;from Wikipedia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Also well placed within the story are details of microbiology experiments, details of what </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">bioremediation is, description of bacterial predators, growth of microorganisms, PCR, and DNA hybridization and ELISA analysis, lateral genetic transfer…whew! It is not, however, written with the PhD in mind. It truly is written for all readers from high school on up (some middle schoolers may enjoy it too). Humor and references to children’s songs and stories and to artwork (nod to Hieronymus Bosch) added interest as well.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For the curious-minded who wish to learn more, end notes on various topics
(i.e. collapsitarianism and lateral gene transfer) are provided. This is where Dr. Rogers explains how the real science was used in the story.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In short, the science of the book holds high honors, channeling the work of </span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/magazine/craig-venters-bugs-might-save-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.www" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Craig Venter</a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> and numerous bioremediation scientists. Petroplague explores what happens when the products of great and interesting science get into the wrong hands of ecoterrorists (and a greedy businessman).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">I think <a href="http://www.sciencethrillers.com/">Petroplague</a> and the idea behind it is fantastic. And it can now <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005IK4WEC/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=thrille-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=B005IK4WEC">sit on your bookshelf</a>, or occupy space on your favorite ereader. </span></div>
CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-37162734188566560052012-05-04T09:41:00.000-05:002012-05-04T09:42:14.393-05:00The Joy of Science Writing<br />
<a href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/network-central/files/2012/03/bestsciencewritingonline-680x1024.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/network-central/files/2012/03/bestsciencewritingonline-680x1024.jpg" width="212" /></a>When I started writing publically last year, it was with pressure that had built up over, say, 30 years or so. I simply didn't send my best work out to be read by anyone other than my fellow investigators, some academic journal editors, and grant foundations. And that work, although I'd like to think of it as somewhat creative, wasn't peppered with stories that give me (and readers) joy.<br />
<br />
Joy. I have a dear friend whose name means the most pure joy you can think of. Many things can bring about joy. Certainly, a husband and five kids can bring joy (along with a few other emotions). So can friends and colleagues. Creating something out of nothing is a joyous process, and when recognized by writers and editors with oodles of experience....well...you feel light and shaky and just a little bit vindicated, yet humbled because the other recognized writers are giants.<br />
<br />
On December 5, 2011 I received a letter saying that my story <a href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2011/09/07/tinea-speaks-upa-fairy-tale/">Tinea Speaks Up--a Fairy Tale</a> was chosen to be in The Best Science Writing Online 2012. Here is a <a href="http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2012/03/prepub/nonfiction-previews/nonfiction-previews-september-2012-pt-3-paul-volcker-bill-and-hillary/">review of the anthology by Library Journal</a>. As others have clarified, the stories selected for this anthology are not THE best, but some of the best stories that were picked from a nominated pool. The book is well under way and should be out in September.<br />
<br />
I must have read that letter over 30 times until I believed it. Then I blinked. What? Me?<br />
<br />
Well, you know what? You and all your support helped give me confidence to write it in the first place. Thank you for reading. Thank you Bora for encouraging me to send in the story. Many of the writers in this anthology are also fantastic sources of information and encouragement for writers. Please look them up and read, read, read. Be inspired.<br />
<br />
So that you have more to read, I am preparing more posts, but slowly. Many other things, including writing and submitting some short stories elsewhere, preparing an infectious diseases presentation, working on projects for my day job, and of course, my family are at the front of the queue for now. But I am currently reading and building up that pressure again; stay tuned. More joy (hopefully) to come.CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-76340891940999279322012-03-14T12:18:00.000-05:002012-03-14T12:18:23.757-05:00Short on Science?<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">We’ve all been short of something in our lives.
Patience. Of-a-load. Money. Time. Words. Breath. Sleep. Food. Are you finding
yourself, or people around you, short on science? </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">For the holidays, I received a 2-volume infectious
disease text, an anthology of science writing, and a literary journal. Other
members of the family received science and history magazines and a subscription
to the Washington Post. How could I possibly need more to read? It’s an insatiable
quest. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">My perceived science short-comings are alleviated through </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18px;">the science blogosphere, reading books and magazines I find in my explorations at the local</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"> library, the active online science writing community, and </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">PubMed. All these people and things, combined, give a short-scienced individual a box to stand on—as a lift.</span></div>
<b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><u><br /></u></b><br />
<b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><u>Read Science on the Blogosphere</u></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Support your favorite science blogs with your
readership, comments, and donations. Many science writers return
the favor by sharing a great story they've read with their readers and donating to other writers they admire. </span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Many aggregators
for online science writing are available: <a href="http://scienceseeker.org/" target="_blank">ScienceSeeker.org</a>, <a href="http://scienceblogging.org/" target="_blank">Scienceblogging.org</a>, <a href="http://researchblogging.org/" target="_blank">Researchblogging.org</a>,
and <a href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/network-central/2012/03/12/open-laboratory-2013-submissions-so-far-2/">Open
Laboratory 2013</a>, to name only a few of the good ones out there. Many good science blogs have blog lists of what they read; they are worth looking at. You could also check out some amazing, award-winning writers at <a href="http://blogs.plos.org/">PLOS Blogs</a>, <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science-blogs">Guardian Science Blogs</a>, <a href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/">Discover Blogs</a>, <a href="http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/">Wired Science Blogs</a>, and <a href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/">Scientific American Blogs</a>. This
is not an all-inclusive list, but a start.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">In addition, support science programs you hear on
the radio (like <a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/science/">NPR</a> or <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/">BBC</a>) or podcasts or TV. Support your local school’s
science and literacy programs. The Febrile Muse will donate 20% of its reader
support to local programs, starting today.<span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><br />
<b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18px;"><u>Read great Literature with Science</u></b><br />
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<embed src="http://ws.amazon.com/widgets/q?rt=tf_cw&ServiceVersion=20070822&MarketPlace=US&ID=V20070822%2FUS%2Fthef0fce-20%2F8010%2F8b009ad3-43fa-4377-8528-c56d232bb8e4&Operation=GetDisplayTemplate" id="Player_8b009ad3-43fa-4377-8528-c56d232bb8e4" quality="high" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="Player_8b009ad3-43fa-4377-8528-c56d232bb8e4" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" align="middle" height="200px" width="500px"></embed></OBJECT><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b style="line-height: 115%;"><u><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">To me, there is nothing better than reading literature that either </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18px;">has</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">science or infectious diseases within the work. A new love for me is </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Arrowsmith</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">
by Sinclair Lewis (1926 Pulitzer Prize winner).</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">In the 1998 Signet Classic edition of </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Arrowsmith</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">, E. L. Doctorow writes </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18px;">in the afterword </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">about
the success of this novel.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;">“It did not hurt that the
groundsong or lore of the novel consisted of accurate science reportage. <i>Arrowsmith</i> brought to the reading public
of the 1920’s the news of science.” </span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">I love the truth seeking Martin Arrowsmith, the
depth of the characters (especially the apparently shallow ones), the love of
science that oozes throughout the novel, and the language. I don’t want the
story to go to its bitter end. </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Paul De Kruif (of <i>The Microbe Hunters</i>) was
Lewis’s scientific advisor for the novel, and much of the science was inspired
by the work of Felix d’Herelle and his peers (Koch, Pasteur and others).</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;">The love of good science comes through when Martin’s idol, Professor Max Gottleib, says of
careful note-taking during experiments, </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“…And the most important part of
experimentati</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">on is not doing the
experiment but making notes, ve-ry [sic] accurate quantitative notes—in ink. I
am told that a great many clever people feel they can keep notes in their
heads. I have often observed with pleasure that such persons do not have heads
in which to keep their notes. This iss [sic] very good, because thus the world
never sees their results and science is not encumbered with them…” </span></span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;">I guess the
internet has changed this somewhat, but for the good, in most cases. Science may be more accessible now than it used to be.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;">Along with descriptions of laboratory work, Lewis describes epidemiology.
When townsfolk falsely accuse some squatters six miles up the river for
spreading typhoid, Martin's map-work led to a different yet correct conclusion. </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #783f04;">“Martin
mapped every recent case of typhoid within five miles of Delft. He looked into
milk routes and grocery deliveries. He discovered that most of the cases had
appeared after the visits of an itinerant seamstress, a spinster virtuous and
almost painfully hygienic. She had had typhoid four years before.”</span> </span></blockquote>
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">Another piece of literature that has made an impression is </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">The Poisonwood Bible</i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"> by Barbara
Kingsolver. Somehow she finds a way to weave malaria, a notably strong infectious disease,
into a missionary family’s weakening structure. The overall impact of this novel remains with me years after reading; the
missionary father wanders still—ranting and raving.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Further reading on Felix d’Herelle can be found in
the amusing collection of scientist stories, <i>It Doesn’t Take a Rocket Scientist: Great Amateurs of Science</i>, by
John Malone. This book also contains a chapter on Gregor Johann Mendel: The
Father of Genetics. It highlights the pea experiments rather well—perhaps a
good reference for either you or your high schooler as you embark on genetics in
biology.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Read
Nonfiction<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Nonfictional works on my to-read list, continuing my
love of malarial disease, are <i>The Fever:
How Malaria Has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years</i> by Sonia Shah and <i>The Miraculous Fever-tree: Malaria and the
Quest for a Cure that Changed the World</i> by Fiammetta Rocco. They draw me to
them partly because of the covers (should I admit this?), but also for the
history of malaria and the exploration for cures. The first book starts out with the
author differentiating herself from her Indian cousins…on the basis
of mosquito bites (she has them, her cousins don’t). The second book combines the roles of Pope Urban VIII, an apothecary, and Jesuit missionaries working with
locals in Peru with the process of finding and bringing quinine to Europe. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Read
About and Look at the Art/Science Connection<span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Art and science are connected, and two books that
illustrate this well are <i>Endless Forms:
Charles Darwin, Natural Science and the Visual Arts</i> by Diana Donald and
Jane Munro and <i>Ernst Haeckel: Art Forms
in Nature </i>published by Prestel-Verlag. I recommend that you scour them and plop them down on your youngsters’ laps, carefully (they are big). Better yet, look at them
together. They are a feast for beauty-needing science readers of all ages. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">No doubt, Darwin inspired multitudes of artists...and Haeckel was a
scientist that displayed his science as art, by artistic principles, not
scientific principles. This was rather radical for a scientist of this era. His work is a phenomenal
example of art nouveau. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">With eyes wide open, your readership of science
bloggers, magazines, fiction and nonfiction books and artbooks…and I emphasize
artbooks…science will be even more beautiful than you had imagined. A needed
visual lift if you are short on science.</span></div>
<br />
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<embed src="http://ws.amazon.com/widgets/q?rt=tf_cw&ServiceVersion=20070822&MarketPlace=US&ID=V20070822%2FUS%2Fthef0fce-20%2F8010%2Fbe9e0727-1207-4729-aafa-b5d83e1690d3&Operation=GetDisplayTemplate" id="Player_be9e0727-1207-4729-aafa-b5d83e1690d3" quality="high" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="Player_be9e0727-1207-4729-aafa-b5d83e1690d3" allowscriptaccess="always" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" align="middle" height="200px" width="500px"></embed></OBJECT>CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-718480961991016689.post-4874789302337723762012-01-03T17:30:00.000-06:002012-01-03T15:34:31.369-06:00Three Decades of Treatment for HIV<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">Imagine a house in the plains surrounded by a dust
storm. The winds blow briefly, allowing some dust to enter through open windows
and doors. At that point, one could reason that there is no need to shut the
doors and windows—it won’t continue. But a gust returns and continues throughout
the night, the next day, and for many months. Upon realization that the wind will
not stop, windows and doors are shut, quickly, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">starting
at the top floor</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">. Soon, all the doors and windows are blocked, the
initial momentum gone, but </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">much is </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">won in this
battle—the rapid flow of sediment halts</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">. The remaining time spent in the
barricaded house is </span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="212" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQzCdBQsRw1ufAwjnwtug7CykWg1BvL6WL_zKTMK1FuD91bRBzx" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Dust Storm and Barn in Cheyenne County Kansas;<br />
photograph by Pastor John 2004 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">used up by dusting and sweeping, praying for a day without
wind. Some residual soil and pollen manage to seep into the homestead, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">through cracks and <i>those</i>
moments, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">of either curiosity or complacency, where a window is opened, and the
owner sticks his head out to see if the storm is continuing, half-believing
that it will be okay. More particles enter the house.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We are at the 30 year mark of a storm like this: known
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS). Although HIV was likely infecting people since the early 1930’s, its consequences
weren’t realized until <i>Pneumocystis
jiroveci</i> pneumonia infections caught the attention of the medical community
in </span><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5021.pdf"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">June
of 1981</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. <i>Pneumocystis
jiroveci</i> pneumonia (then referred to as <i>Pneumocystis
carinii</i> pneumonia) was typically rare, but it, along with high use of
pentamidine (distributed by the CDC at the time) and reports of other
opportunistic infections signaled something was wrong. The collection of
opportunistic infections lead to the definition of AIDS. Opportunistic
infections are caused by microorganisms that don’t typically cause disease in
healthy individuals, but take the opportunity of starting infections in people
with debilitated immune systems. Reports of AIDS, the end-result of HIV
infection, were the initial gust that got almost everyone’s attention.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This attention included fear, disbelief, irrationality,
and a flurry of medical research. The storm raged on as HIV was identified as
the causative agent of AIDS. The storm raged on as people of all beliefs,
viewpoints and prejudices used real and imagined information for their own
purposes. Children with HIV, either infected from contaminated blood supplies
or from their mothers; hemophiliacs; gay men; and drug users were shunned by
some, but helped by many. A storm of research lead to staging of HIV infection,
based on CD4 cell counts. CD4 cells are a type of lymphocyte or immune cell
that helps humans fend off particular infections. They pay attention to what enters our bodies. HIV caught the attention of the established medical and research community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="HIV Replication Cycle" height="400" src="http://www.niaid.nih.gov/SiteCollectionImages/topics/hivaids/hivReplicationCycle.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="338" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Figure 1: HIV Replication Cycle from </span><a href="http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/HIVAIDS/Understanding/Biology/pages/hivreplicationcycle.aspx" style="font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Website</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (2010)</span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Discovery of the enzyme reverse
transcriptase (Figure 1) lead to the development of early antiretrovirals such as zidovudine (referred to
as AZT in early trials). After seven years of zidovudine, it was discovered that
it decreased the incidence of perinatal (mother-to-child) transmission and decreased
the incidence of HIV due to occupational exposure in healthcare workers. </span><a href="http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal-guidelines/0/"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Guidelines
for reduction of perinatal transmission</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> and </span><a href="http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/HealthCareOccupExpoGL.pdf"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">guidelines
for post exposure prophylaxis for healthcare workers</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
were developed in 1994 and 1996, respectively. Zidovudine remains an important
medication for these purposes. Use of zidovudine and
other early antiretrovirals decreased the incidence of AIDS, and therapies
began to be given earlier in the course of HIV infection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Initially, much higher doses of zidovudine than what
is used today (if used at all) lead to significant side effects such as anemia
and severe muscular fatigue (myopathy). Other nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors were developed in the 1990’s. Doses of available agents were adjusted
according to side effects. Newer dosage forms were developed to improve
absorption and effectiveness. This first decade in HIV/AIDS is likened to the closing of the second floor windows on the dust-surrounded
house, and the medications pertaining to this era (first decade) are written in<span style="color: #990000;"> red</span> in Table 1.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Antiretroviral,
Grouped By Mechanism Of Action<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Acronym
Used In Guidelines<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Date
Approved By FDA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Nucleoside
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: red; text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Symbol; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">AZT, azidothymidine, zidovudine, Retrovir®</span></span></div>
<span style="color: red; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ZDV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">3/87</span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: grey; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Didanosine, Videx® and</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Videx EC®</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ddI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">10/91</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">10/00 </span><span style="color: grey; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Zalcitabine, dideosycytidine</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ddC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6/92</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">*<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Stavudine, Zerit®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">d4T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #990000;">6/94</span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #00b050;"> </span><span style="color: #274e13;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lamivudine, Epivir®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3TC
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">11/95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Tenofovir, Viread®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">TDP
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">10/01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Emtricitabine, Emtriva®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">FTC
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">7/03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Abacavir, Ziagen®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ABC
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">12/98</span><span style="color: #00b050;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Non-Nucleoside
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
(NNRTI)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #00b050;"> </span><span style="color: #274e13;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Nevirapine, Viramune®,</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"> Viramune XR®</span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">NVP</span><span style="color: #00b050;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">11/96</span><span style="color: #00b050;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3/11
</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Efavirenz, Sustiva®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">EFV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">9/98<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Delavirdine, Rescriptor®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">DLV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">4/97</span><span style="color: #00b050;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #ffc000; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Etravirine, Intelence®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ETR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1/08<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Rilpivirine, Edurant®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">RPV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">5/11</span><span style="color: #ffc000;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Protease
Inhibitors (PI)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Saquinavir, Fortovase®, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Invirase®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">SQV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">11/97</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">*<span style="color: #00b050;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">12/95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ritonavir, ritonavir boost, Norvir®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">RTV,
r<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3/96</span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Atazanavir, Reyataz®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ATV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6/03<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Fosamprenavir, Lexiva®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">FPV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">10/03</span><span style="color: #00b050;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #00b050;"> </span><span style="color: #274e13;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lopinavir</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">**</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">LPV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Indinavir, Crixivan®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">IDV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3/96<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Nelfinavir, Viracept®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">NVF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3/97</span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Amprenavir, Agenerase®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">APV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">4/99</span><span style="color: #00b050;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #ffc000; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Tipranavir, Aptivus®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">TPV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6/05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Darunivir, Prezista®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">DRV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">6/06</span><span style="color: #ffc000;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fusion
Inhibitor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Enfuvirtide, Fuzeon®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">T-20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #274e13;">3/03</span><span style="color: #00b050;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Integrase
Strand Transfer Inhibitors<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"><span style="color: #ffc000;"> </span><span style="color: #bf9000;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Raltegravir, Isentress®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">RAL
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">10/07</span><span style="color: #ffc000;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">CCR5
co-receptor antagonist<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.3pt;" valign="top" width="216"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br />
<span style="color: #ffc000; font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Maraviroc, Selzentry®</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.1pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">MRV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">8/07</span><span style="color: #ffc000;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">*no
longer marketed; **not marketed as a single agent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Table 1</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">: Three decades or phases of antiretroviral therapy for HIV. The first decade from <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #990000; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: white;">1985-1994</span> is written in red. The second decade is written in green (<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #274e13; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: white;">1995-2004</span>), and the third decade of antiretroviral therapy is in yellow (<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #bf9000; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">2005-2014</span>).</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The number of publications mentioning both HIV and AIDS skyrocketed in the
late 1980’s—a foreshadowing of the antiretroviral development in the following decade. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">Figure 2 shows the number of academic publications that mention both HIV and AIDS. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Note the “leveling-off” of
the curve; publications have not continued to grow at the same rate, and remain
essentially unchanged—another foreshadowing?</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-W6EClD-iD_Y/TvPxUzXRiNI/AAAAAAAAAJc/MT45RQAQcL4/s1600/hiv+aids+publication.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-W6EClD-iD_Y/TvPxUzXRiNI/AAAAAAAAAJc/MT45RQAQcL4/s400/hiv+aids+publication.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Figure
2</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">:
Number of PubMeb Titles for “HIV/AIDS” per year from 1980 to 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The <span style="color: #274e13;">second decade of antiretroviral therapy for HIV</span>
(1995-2004) was the most prolific. Newer
nucleosides and combinations of them were approved
(Table 1). HIV was treated more effectively with non-nucleoside
reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease
inhibitors (and in combination). These
agents became the anchors of highly effective therapy. HAART,
highly active antiretroviral therapy, was born, and news of clinical trials with
these more active medication regimens parallels the
shut-tight house, more protected from debris. The medications approved
during this time are written in <span style="color: #274e13;">green</span> in Table 1. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Patients receiving HAART
made miraculous comebacks from AIDS and near-death to relatively-controlled HIV
infections. Viral load and resistance testing were also being studied; scientists and clinicians needed to know how they could be used to direct therapy. Patients with HIV were becoming
relatively healthy and living longer lives than they had been during the
earlier years of known HIV infection. They had fewer opportunistic infections.
Clinicians started to worry about long-term issues such as side effects of
newer medications (i.e, lipodystrophy), resistance to long-term therapy, and
cardiac health in their going-to-be-aged HIV patients.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The <span style="color: #bf9000;">present</span>, and <span style="color: #bf9000;">third decade of antiretroviral therapy for HIV</span> contains
optimism as people with HIV live near-normal life expectancies, but there must
be caution. Treatment of people with HIV remains complicated, and should be
done by clinicians who have a lot of experience with treating HIV. Detailed </span><a href="http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">guidelines</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
are available to aid therapy. Resistant infections are becoming more common.
Complacency is setting in—people are being less careful, and new HIV infections
result. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The amount of new medications developed has slowed down as has the
number of publications produced each year (Figure 2). There is currently no
vaccine. That said, therapies are now smarter. Combination medications (Table
2) have decreased pill burden. Because of this, adherence to drug regimens is
improved, leading to greater effectiveness and less resistance. Measurement of
viral load and resistance testing are invaluable in guiding therapy. Other
assays to minimize side effects and tailor therapy are also available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid 1.0pt; border-color: windowtext; border-left: double 1.5pt; border-right: solid 1.0pt; border-top: double 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Antiretroviral Combination<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.8pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Brand Name of Combination<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Date of Approval
by FDA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3TC and ZDV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.8pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Combivir®<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9/9</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #990000;">7</span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ABC and 3TC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.8pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Epzicom®<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8/04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">ABC and ZDV and 3TC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.8pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Trizivir®<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">11/00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tenofovir and emtricitabine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.8pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Truvada®<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8/04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lopinavir and ritonavir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.8pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kaletra®<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #274e13;">9/00</span><span style="color: #00b050;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Efavirenz and emtricitabine and tenofovir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.8pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Atripla®<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7/06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Emtricitabine and rilpivirine and tenofovir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.8pt;" valign="top" width="130"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Complera®<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">8/11</span><span style="color: #ffc000;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">Table 2</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">: Drugs of same and different classes combined to increase effectiveness against HIV and pill burden. Arranged by decade of therapy: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #990000; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: white;">1985-1994</span>; <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #274e13; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: white;">1995-200</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #274e13; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: white;">4</span>; <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #bf9000; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">2005-2014</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Like the vulnerable house on the plains, when
HIV/AIDS was first discovered, there was disbelief at first, then rapid
movement in all directions to decrease the storm. Once researchers grasped the
cause and gained knowledge of how to attack HIV, we began to see a slower
spread of infection. We began to gain some ground on HIV with potent medicines.
But the storm goes on, in the US and abroad, with individual challenges for
countries and their people. Much progress has been made, but over 60 million
people world-wide have become infected with HIV and more than half of them have
died. We must work hard, continually sweeping and dusting, and never open the
windows again—as long as HIV remains.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><a href="http://nyjournalofbooks.com/review/origins-aids"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Origins of AIDS</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> by Jacques
Pepin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/byAudience/ForPatientAdvocates/HIVandAIDSActivities/ucm118915.htm"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">FDA list of
antiretrovirals</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">PubMed
article searches “HIV AIDS” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Continually updated </span><a href="http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Guidelines for
HIV/AIDS</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</div>CMDoranhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16032151240110643419noreply@blogger.com4